	masc sg	masc pl
nom	brahmā	brahmā brahmāno
acc	brahmaṃ brahmānaṃ	brahmāno
instr	brahmunā	brahmūhi brahmehi
dat	brahmassa brahmuno	brahmānaṃ brahmūnaṃ
abl	brahmunā	brahmūhi brahmehi
gen	brahmassa brahmuno	brahmānaṃ brahmūnaṃ
loc	brahmani brahmasmiṃ	brahmesu
voc	brahma brahme	brahmāno
in comps	brahma

addhā masc

	masc sg	masc pl
nom	addhā	addhā addhāno
acc	addhaṃ addhānaṃ	addhāne addhāno
instr	addhunā addhena	addhānebhi addhānehi
dat	addhuno	addhānaṃ
abl	addhunā	addhānebhi addhānehi
gen	addhuno	addhānaṃ
loc	addhani addhāne	addhanesu
voc	addha addhā	addhāno
in comps	addha

yuva masc

	masc sg	masc pl
nom	yuvā	yuvāno
acc	yuvanaṃ yuvaṃ yuvānaṃ	yuvāno
instr	yuvanā yuvena	yuvanehi
dat	yuvano	yuvānaṃ
abl	yuvanā	yuvanehi
gen	yuvassa yuvino	yuvānaṃ
loc	yuvani	yuvanesu

Conjugation of √kar (to do, make)¶

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	karoti	karonti	kurute	kurunte
pr 2nd	karosi	karotha	kuruse	kuruvhe
pr 1st	karomi	karoma	kare	kurumhe
imp 3rd	karotu	karontu	kurutaṃ	kuruntaṃ
imp 2nd	karohi	karotha	karassu kurussu	kuruvho
imp 1st	karomi	karoma	kare	karomasi karomase
opt 3rd	kare kareyya	kareyyuṃ	kayirātha
opt 2nd	kareyyāsi	kareyyātha
opt 1st	kareyyāmi	kareyyāma	kare kareyyaṃ	kareyyāmhe
fut 3rd	karissati	karissanti	karissate	karissante
fut 2nd	karissasi	karissatha	karissase	karissavhe
fut 1st	karissāmi	karissāma	karissaṃ	karissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	kubbati	kubbanti	kubbate	kubbante
pr 2nd	kubbasi	kubbatha	kubbase	kubbavhe
pr 1st	kubbāmi	kubbāma	kubbe	kubbamhe
imp 3rd	karotu kubbatu	karontu kubbantu	kubbataṃ	kubbantaṃ
imp 2nd	kubbāhi	kubbatha	kubbassu	kubbavho
imp 1st	kubbāmi	kubbāma	kubbe	kubbāmase
opt 3rd	kubbaye kubbe kubbeyya	kayiruṃ kareyyuṃ kubbeyyuṃ	kubbetha	kubberaṃ
opt 2nd	kubbeyyāsi	kubeyyātha	kubbetho	kubbeyyavho
opt 1st	kubeyyāmi	kubeyyāma	kubbeyyaṃ	kubbeyyāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	kari karī	kariṃsu karuṃ kaṃsu kaṃsuṃ	karā	karū
aor 2nd	kari karo	karittha	karuse	karivhaṃ
aor 1st	kariṃ	karamha karamhā karimha karimhā	karaṃ	karimhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
imperf 3rd	akā	aku akuṃ akū	akattha akatthu	akatthuṃ
imperf 2nd	aka ako	akattha	akase	akavhaṃ
imperf 1st	aka akaṃ	akamha akamhā	akiṃ	akamhase

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
cond 3rd	akarissa akarissā	akarissaṃsu akarissiṃsu	akarissatha	akarissisu
cond 2nd	akarissa akarisse	akarissatha	akarissase	akarissavhe
cond 1st	akarissaṃ	akarissamha akarissamhā akarissāmhā	akarissiṃ	akarissāmhase

Class 31¶

Declension of masc santa, and bhavant¶

santa masc

	masc sg	masc pl
nom	santo saṃ	santā santo
acc	sataṃ santaṃ saṃ	sante
instr	satā santena	santebhi santehi sabbhi
dat	sato santassa	sataṃ satānaṃ santānaṃ
abl	satā santamhā santasmā santā	santebhi santehi sabbhi
gen	sato santassa	sataṃ satānaṃ santānaṃ
loc	santamhi santasmiṃ sante	santesu
voc	santa	santā santo
in comps	santa

bhavant masc

	masc sg	masc pl
nom	bhavaṃ bho	bhavantā bhavanto bhonto
acc	bhavantaṃ	bhavante
instr	bhavatā bhavantena bhotā	bhavantebhi bhavantehi
dat	bhavato bhavantassa bhoto	bhavataṃ bhavantānaṃ
abl	bhavatā bhotā	bhavantebhi bhavantehi
gen	bhavato bhavantassa bhoto	bhavataṃ bhavantānaṃ
loc	bhavati bhavantamhi bhavantasmiṃ bhavante	bhavantesu
voc	bhante bho	bhavanto bhonto
in comps	bhavanta

Some masculine nouns in the feminine sense¶

The three nouns mātugāma, orodha, and dāra are masculine in gender and feminine in sense.

mātugāma, woman, womankind.

orodha, a harem-lady or the whole harem (collectively).

dāra, wife.

yo pana bhikkhu, otiṇṇo vipariṇatena cittena, mātugāmena saddhiṃ kāyasaṃsaggaṃ samāpajjeyya

Conjugation of √hū (to be)¶

	sg	pl
pr 3rd	hoti	honti
pr 2nd	hosi	hotha
pr 1st	homi	homa
imp 3rd	hotu	hontu
imp 2nd	hohi	hotha
imp 1st	homi	homa

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
opt 3rd	huve huveyya	huveyyuṃ	huvetha	huveraṃ
opt 2nd	huve huveyyāsi	huvetha huveyyātha	huvetho	huveyyavho huveyyāvho
opt 1st	huve huveyyāmi	huvema huvemu huveyyāma	huveyyaṃ	huveyyāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	ahu ahosi	ahuṃ ahesuṃ	ahuvā	ahuvu
aor 2nd	ahuvo ahosi	ahuvattha ahosittha	ahuvase	ahuvivhaṃ
aor 1st	ahuvāsiṃ ahuṃ ahosiṃ	ahumha ahumhā ahuvamhā ahesumha ahosimha	ahu ahuvaṃ ahuṃ	ahuvimhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
imperf 3rd	ahuvā	ahuvu ahuvuṃ ahuvū	ahuvattha ahuvatthu	ahuvatthuṃ
imperf 2nd	ahuva ahuvo	ahuvattha	ahuvase	ahuvavhaṃ
imperf 1st	ahuva ahuvaṃ	ahuvamha ahuvamhā	ahuviṃ	ahuvamhase

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
fut 3rd	hessati	hessanti	hessate	hessante
fut 2nd	hessasi	hessatha	hessase	hessavhe
fut 1st	hessāmi	hessāma	hessaṃ	hessāmase hessāmhe

Class 32¶

Peculiar forms of some nouns and adjectives¶

arahant noun

	masc sg	masc pl
nom	arahanto arahaṃ arahā	arahantā arahanto
acc	arahantaṃ	arahante
instr	arahatā arahantena	arahantehi
dat	arahato	arahataṃ arahantānaṃ
abl	arahatā arahantamhā arahantasmā	arahantehi
gen	arahato arahantassa	arahataṃ arahantānaṃ
loc	arahati arahantamhi arahantasmiṃ arahante	arahantesu
voc	arahā	arahanto
in comps	arahanta

mahanta, brahanta (anta adj)

	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	mahanto mahaṃ mahā	mahantā mahanto	mahatī mahantī	mahatiyo mahantiyo	mahantaṃ mahaṃ	mahantāni
acc	mahantaṃ	mahante mahanto	mahatiṃ mahantiṃ	mahatiyo mahantiyo	mahantaṃ mahaṃ	mahantāni
instr	mahatā mahantena	mahantehi	mahatiyā mahantāya mahantiyā	mahatīhi mahantīhi	mahatā	mahantehi
dat	mahato	mahataṃ mahantānaṃ	mahatiyā mahantāya mahantiyā	mahatīnaṃ mahantīnaṃ	mahato	mahantānaṃ
abl	mahatā mahantamhā mahantasmā	mahantehi	mahatiyā mahantāya mahantiyā	mahatīhi mahantīhi	mahatā	mahantehi
gen	mahato mahantassa	mahataṃ mahantānaṃ	mahatiyā mahantāya mahantiyā	mahatīnaṃ mahantīnaṃ	mahato	mahantānaṃ
loc	mahati mahantamhi mahantasmiṃ mahante	mahantesu	mahatiyaṃ mahatiyā mahantiyaṃ mahantiyā	mahatīsu mahantīsu	mahati	mahantesu
voc	maha mahā	mahanto	mahatī mahantī	mahatiyo mahantiyo	maha mahaṃ	mahantāni
in comps	mahā

jantu (masc)

	masc sg	masc pl
nom	jantu	jantavo jantuno jantuyo jantū
acc	jantuṃ	jantavo jantū
instr	jantunā	jantūhi
dat	jantuno jantussa	jantūnaṃ
abl	jantunā jantumhā jantusmā	jantūhi
gen	jantuno jantussa	jantūnaṃ
loc	jantumhi jantusmiṃ	jantūsu
voc	jantu	jantavo jantū
in comps	jantu

reminder that mano group can have acc sg ending in o, e.g. ayo, ceto, vaco

Conjugation of √as (to be)¶

	sg	pl
pr 3rd	atthi	atthi santi
pr 2nd	asi	attha
pr 1st	amhi asmi	amha amhase amhā amhāsi asma asmase asmā
imp 3rd	atthu	santu
imp 2nd	āhi	attha
imp 1st	amhi asmi	amha amhā asma asmā

	sg	pl
opt 3rd	siyā	siyaṃsu siyuṃ
opt 2nd
opt 1st	saṃ siyaṃ

	sg	pl
opt 3rd	assa	assu
opt 2nd	assa assasi	assatha
opt 1st	assaṃ	assāma

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	āsa āsi	aṃsu āsiṃsu āsuṃ iṃsu
aor 2nd	āsi	āsittha
aor 1st	āsiṃ	āsimha āsimhā

Class 33¶

Peculiarities of some feminine nouns¶

ratti fem

	fem sg	fem pl
nom	ratti	rattiyo rattī ratyo
acc	rattiṃ	rattiyo rattī ratyo
instr	rattiyā ratyā	rattīhi
dat	rattiyā ratyā	rattīnaṃ
abl	rattiyā ratyā	rattīhi
gen	rattiyā ratyā	rattīnaṃ
loc	rattaṃ rattiyaṃ rattiyā ratto ratyaṃ ratyā	rattisu rattīsu
voc	ratti	rattiyo rattī
in comps	ratti

nadī fem

	fem sg	fem pl
nom	nadī	najjāyo najjo nadiyo nadī
acc	najjaṃ nadiyaṃ nadiṃ	najjāyo najjo nadiyo nadī
instr	najjā nadiyā	nadīhi
dat	najjā nadiyā	nadīnaṃ
abl	najjā nadiyā	nadīhi
gen	najjā nadiyā	nadīnaṃ
loc	najjaṃ nadiyaṃ nadiyā	nadīsu
voc	nadi nadī	nadiyo nadī
in comps	nadī

pokkharaṇī fem

	fem sg	fem pl
nom	pokkharaṇī	pokkharañño pokkharaṇiyo pokkharaṇī
acc	pokkharaṇiṃ	pokkharañño pokkharaṇiyo pokkharaṇī
instr	pokkharaññā pokkharaṇiyā	pokkharaṇīhi
dat	pokkharaññā pokkharaṇiyā	pokkharaṇīnaṃ
abl	pokkharaññā pokkharaṇiyā	pokkharaṇīhi
gen	pokkharaññā pokkharaṇiyā	pokkharaṇīnaṃ
loc	pokkharaññaṃ pokkharaññā pokkharaṇiyaṃ pokkharaṇiyā	pokkharaṇīsu
voc	pokkharaṇi pokkharaṇī	pokkharañño pokkharaṇiyo pokkharaṇī
in comps	pokkharaṇi pokkharaṇī

Feminine Nouns ending in -ū

andū, camū, jambū, bhū, sarabhū, vadhū, abhū

	fem sg	fem pl
nom	sarabhū	sarabhuyo sarabhū
acc	sarabhuṃ	sarabhuyo sarabhū
instr	sarabhuyā	sarabhūhi
dat	sarabhuyā	sarabhūnaṃ
abl	sarabhuyā	sarabhūhi
gen	sarabhuyā	sarabhūnaṃ
loc	sarabhuyaṃ sarabhuyā	sarabhusu sarabhūsu
voc	sarabhu	sarabhuyo sarabhū
in comps	sarabhu

Conjugation of √vad (to say, speak)¶

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	vadati	vadanti	vadate	vadante vadare
pr 2nd	vadasi	vadatha	vadase	vadavhe
pr 1st	vadāmi	vadāma	vade	vadamhase vadāmhe
imp 3rd	vadatu	vadantu	vadataṃ	vadantaṃ
imp 2nd	vada vadāsi vadāhi	vadatha	vadassu	vadavho
imp 1st	vadāmi	vadāma	vade	vadāmase
opt 3rd	vade vadeyya	vadeyyu vadeyyuṃ	vadetha	vaderaṃ
opt 2nd	vade vadeyyāsi	vadetha vadeyyātha	vadetho vadeyyātho	vadeyyavho vadeyyāvho
opt 1st	vade vadeyyāmi	vadema vademu vadeyyāma	vadeyyaṃ	vademase vadeyyāmhe
fut 3rd	vadissati	vadissanti	vadissate	vadissante
fut 2nd	vadissasi	vadissatha	vadissase	vadissavhe
fut 1st	vadissāmi	vadissāma	vadissaṃ	vadissāmase vadissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	vajjati	vajjanti	vajjate	vajjante vajjare
pr 2nd	vajjasi	vajjatha	vajjase	vajjavhe
pr 1st	vajjāmi	vajjāma	vajje	vajjamhase vajjāmhe
imp 3rd	vajjatu	vajjantu	vajjataṃ	vajjantaṃ
imp 2nd	vajja vajjāsi vajjāhi	vajjatha	vajjassu	vajjavho
imp 1st	vajjāmi	vajjāma	vajje	vajjāmase
opt 3rd	vajje vajjeyya	vajjeyyu vajjeyyuṃ	vajjetha	vajjeraṃ
opt 2nd	vajje vajjeyyāsi	vajjetha vajjeyyātha	vajjetho vajjeyyātho	vajjeyyavho vajjeyyāvho
opt 1st	vajje vajjeyyāmi	vajjema vajjemu vajjeyyāma	vajjeyyaṃ	vajjemase vajjeyyāmhe
fut 3rd	vajjissati	vajjissanti	vajjissate	vajjissante
fut 2nd	vajjissasi	vajjissatha	vajjissase	vajjissavhe
fut 1st	vajjissāmi	vajjissāma	vajjissaṃ	vajjissāmase vajjissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	vadi vadī	vadiṃsu vaduṃ	vadatha vadā vadittha	vadū
aor 2nd	vadi vado	vadittha	vadittho vadise	vadivhaṃ
aor 1st	vadiṃ	vadimha vadimhā	vada vadaṃ vaditthaṃ	vadimhase vadimhe

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	vadesi	vadesuṃ
aor 2nd	vadesi	vadittha vadettha
aor 1st	vadesiṃ	vadimha vadimhā

The causative forms of this root are to be formed with suffix āpe and not with e. If it is formed with e it gives a different meaning: vādeti means “sounds a musical instrument”. But vadāpeti means "makes somebody speaks or says"

Conjugation of √vac (to say, speak)¶

Simple forms of this base in Present, Imperative and Optative Moods are not found, but causative forms such as vāceti, vācenti are found.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
imperf 3rd	avaca avacā	avacū	avacuttha	avacatthuṃ
imperf 2nd	avaco	avacuttha	avacase	avacuvhaṃ
imperf 1st	avacaṃ	avacumha avacumhā	avaciṃ	avacamhase

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	avacāsi avacī	avaciṃsu avocisuṃ avocuṃ	avoca	avocu
aor 2nd	avaca avoco	avacuttha avocuttha	avocase	avocivhaṃ
aor 1st	avociṃ	avocumha avocumhā	avocaṃ avociṃ	avocimhe

In the future vaca is changed to vakkha which was derived from Skt. future base vakṣya.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
fut 3rd	vakkhati	vakkhanti	vakkhate	vakkhante
fut 2nd	vakkhasi	vakkhatha	vakkhase	vakkhavhe
fut 1st	vakkhāmi	vakkhāma	vakkhaṃ	vakkhāmase vakkhāmhe

Class 34¶

Declension of kamma and maya¶

kamma nt

	neut sg	neut pl
nom	kamma kammaṃ kamme	kammā kammāni
acc	kamma kammaṃ	kammāni kamme
instr	kammanā kammunā kammena	kammehi
dat	kammassa kammuno	kammānaṃ
abl	kammamhā kammasmā kammunā	kammehi
gen	kammassa kammuno	kammānaṃ
loc	kammani kammamhi kammasmiṃ kamme	kammesu
voc	kamma	kammā kammāni
in comps	kamma

camma, ghamma, vesma have a loc. sing. ending in -ni as that of kamma.

adj ubhaya (= both) and pron ubha (== both) have irregular forms

ubhaya adj

	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	ubhayo	ubhaye ubhayo	ubhayā	ubhayā ubhayāyo	ubhayaṃ	ubhayāni ubhaye
acc	ubhayaṃ	ubhaye ubhayo	ubhayaṃ	ubhayā ubhayāyo	ubhayaṃ	ubhayāni ubhaye
instr	ubhayena	ubhayehi	ubhayāya	ubhayābhi ubhayāhi	ubhayena	ubhayehi
dat	ubhayassa	ubhayānaṃ ubhayesaṃ	ubhayassa ubhayāya	ubhayāsaṃ ubhayāsānaṃ	ubhayassa	ubhayānaṃ ubhayesaṃ
abl	ubhayato ubhayamhā ubhayasmā ubhayā	ubhayehi	ubhayāya	ubhayābhi ubhayāhi	ubhayato ubhayamhā ubhayasmā ubhayā	ubhayehi
gen	ubhayassa	ubhayānaṃ ubhayesaṃ	ubhayassa ubhayāya	ubhayāsaṃ ubhayāsānaṃ	ubhayassa	ubhayānaṃ ubhayesaṃ
loc	ubhayamhi ubhayasmiṃ	ubhayesu	ubhayassaṃ ubhayāya ubhayāyaṃ	ubhayāsu	ubhayamhi ubhayasmiṃ	ubhayesu
in comps	ubhaya

ubha has only plural forms. The nom. plural ubho is derived from Skt. dual ubhau.

ubha pron

	dual
nom	ubhe ubho
acc	ubho
instr	ubhohi
dat	ubhinnaṃ
abl	ubhohi
gen	ubhinnaṃ
loc	ubhosu
in comps	ubho

kati (= how many) also have only plural forms and similarly declined in all genders.

kati pron pl

	masc pl	fem pl	neut pl
nom	kati	kati	kati
acc	kati	kati	kati
instr	katibhi katihi katīhi	katibhi katihi katīhi	katibhi katihi katīhi
dat	katinaṃ	katinaṃ	katinaṃ
abl	katibhi katihi katīhi	katibhi katihi katīhi	katibhi katihi katīhi
gen	katinaṃ	katinaṃ	katinaṃ
loc	katisu	katisu	katisu
in comps	kati

Conjugation of √dā (to give)¶

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	dadāti	dadanti	dadāte	dadante dadare
pr 2nd	dadasi dadāsi	dadātha	dadāse	dadavhe
pr 1st	dadāmi	dadāma	dade	dadamhase dadāmhe
imp 3rd	dadatu dadātu	dadantu	dadataṃ	dadantaṃ
imp 2nd	dadahi dadāhi	dadatha dadātha	dadassu	dadavho
imp 1st	dadāmi	dadāma	dade	dadāmase
opt 3rd	dade dadeyya	dadeyyuṃ	dadetha	daderaṃ
opt 2nd	dade dadeyyāsi	dadetha dadeyyātha	dadetho	dadeyyavho dadeyyāvho
opt 1st	dade dadeyyāmi	dadema dademu dadeyyāma	dadeyyaṃ	dadeyyāmhe
fut 3rd	dadissati	dadissanti	dadissate	dadissante
fut 2nd	dadissasi	dadissatha	dadissase	dadissavhe
fut 1st	dadissāmi	dadissāma	dadissaṃ	dadissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	deti	denti
pr 2nd	desi	detha
pr 1st	demi	dema
imp 3rd	detu	dentu	detaṃ	dentaṃ
imp 2nd	dehi	detha	dassu dessu	davho devho
imp 1st	demi	dema	de	damase demase
opt 3rd	de deyya	deyyuṃ	detha	deraṃ
opt 2nd	de deyyāsi	detha deyyātha	detho deyyātho	deyyavho deyyāvho
opt 1st	de deyyāmi	dema demu deyyāma	deyyaṃ	deyyāmhe
fut 3rd	dissati dessati	dissanti dessanti	dessate	dessante
fut 2nd	dissasi dessasi	dissatha dessatha	dessase	dessavhe
fut 1st	dissāmi dessāmi	dissāma dessāma	dessaṃ	dessāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
imperf 3rd	adā	adu aduṃ adū	adattha adatthu	adatthuṃ
imperf 2nd	ada ado	adattha	adase	adavhaṃ
imperf 1st	ada adaṃ	adamha adamhā	adiṃ	adamhase

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	adadi adadī	adadiṃsu adaduṃ	adadatha adadā adadittha	adadū
aor 2nd	adadi adado	adadittha	adadittho adadise	adadivhaṃ
aor 1st	adadiṃ	adadimha adadimhā	adada adadaṃ adaditthaṃ	adadimhase adadimhe

Class 35¶

Peculiarities of some adjectives and pronouns¶

Pronoun ekacca and adjectives ekatiya and ekacciya, all having the meaning “some”, all are phonetic variants of the same Skr. ekatya.

ekacca pron

	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	ekacco	ekacce	ekaccā	ekaccā ekaccāyo	ekaccaṃ	ekaccāni ekacce
acc	ekaccaṃ	ekacce	ekaccaṃ	ekaccā ekaccāyo	ekaccaṃ	ekaccāni ekacce
instr	ekaccena	ekaccehi	ekaccāya	ekaccāhi	ekaccena	ekaccehi
dat	ekaccassa	ekaccānaṃ	ekaccāya	ekaccānaṃ	ekaccassa	ekaccānaṃ
abl	ekaccato	ekaccehi	ekaccāya	ekaccāhi	ekaccato	ekaccehi
gen	ekaccassa	ekaccānaṃ	ekaccāya	ekaccānaṃ	ekaccassa	ekaccānaṃ
loc	ekaccasmiṃ	ekaccesu	ekaccāya ekaccāyaṃ	ekaccāsu	ekaccasmiṃ	ekaccesu
in comps	ekacca

ekatiya and ekacciya decline like normal “a adj”

Declension of Amu¶

amu pron - (of person or place or thing) that; such; so and so

	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	amu asu	amū	amu asu	amayo amū	aduṃ	adūni amūni
acc	amuṃ	amuyo amū	amuṃ	amayo amū	amuṃ	amayo amū amūni
instr	amunā	amūhi	amuyā	amūhi	amunā	amūhi
dat	amuno amussa	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ	amuyā amussā	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ	amuno amussa	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ
abl	amunā amumhā asmā usmā	amūhi	amuyā	amūhi	amunā amumhā asmā usmā	amūhi
gen	amuno amussa	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ	amuyā amussā	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ	amuno amussa	amūsaṃ amūsānaṃ
loc	amumhi amusmiṃ	amūsu	amuyaṃ amussaṃ	amūsu	amumhi amusmiṃ	amūsu

Conjugation of √dis (to see)¶

disa is often changed to passa or dakkha. (dakkha is derived as a base from the Skt. future stem drākṣya)

The original form of this is almost absent in the Active Voice.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	passati	passanti	passate	passante passare
pr 2nd	passasi	passatha	passase	passavhe
pr 1st	passāmi	passāma	passe	passamhase passāmhe
imp 3rd	passatu	passantu	passataṃ	passantaṃ
imp 2nd	passa passāsi passāhi	passatha	passassu	passavho
imp 1st	passāmi	passāma	passe	passāmase
opt 3rd	passe passeyya	passeyyu passeyyuṃ	passetha	passeraṃ
opt 2nd	passe passeyyāsi	passetha passeyyātha	passetho passeyyātho	passeyyavho passeyyāvho
opt 1st	passe passeyyāmi	passema passemu passeyyāma	passeyyaṃ	passemase passeyyāmhe
fut 3rd	passissati	passissanti	passissate	passissante
fut 2nd	passissasi	passissatha	passissase	passissavhe
fut 1st	passissāmi	passissāma	passissaṃ	passissāmase passissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	dakkhati dakkhiti	dakkhanti dakkhinti	dakkhate	dakkhante dakkhare
pr 2nd	dakkhasi	dakkhatha	dakkhase	dakkhavhe
pr 1st	dakkhāmi	dakkhāma	dakkhe	dakkhāmhe
imp 3rd	dakkhatu	dakkhantu	dakkhataṃ	dakkhantaṃ
imp 2nd	dakkha dakkhāhi	dakkhatha	dakkhassu	dakkhavho
imp 1st	dakkhāmi	dakkhāma	dakkhe	dakkhāmase
opt 3rd	dakkhe dakkheyya	dakkheyyuṃ	dakkhetha	dakkheraṃ
opt 2nd	dakkhe dakkheyyāsi	dakkhetha dakkheyyātha	dakkhetho	dakkheyyavho dakkheyyāvho
opt 1st	dakkhe dakkheyyāmi	dakkhema dakkhemu dakkheyyāma	dakkheyyaṃ	dakkheyyāmhe
fut 3rd	dakkhati dakkhiti dakkhissati	dakkhinti dakkhissanti	dakkhissate	dakkhissante
fut 2nd	dakkhisi dakkhissasi	dakkhissatha	dakkhissase	dakkhissavhe
fut 1st	dakkhissāmi	dakkhissāma	dakkhissaṃ dacchaṃ	dakkhissāmhe

	sg	pl
imperf 3rd	adissā addakkhā addasā apassā	addakkhu addakkhuṃ addasu addasuṃ apassuṃ
imperf 2nd	addakkho apasso	addakkhittha apassittha
imperf 1st	addakkhaṃ addasaṃ apassaṃ	addakkhamhā apassamhā

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	adakkhi adda addakkhi addasa addasāsi addā apassi	addakkhiṃsu addakkhuṃ addasaṃsu addasāsuṃ addasuṃ apassiṃsu
aor 2nd	addakkho addasa apassi	addakkhittha addasatha addassatha apassittha
aor 1st	addakkhiṃ addasaṃ addasāmi addasāsiṃ apassiṃ	addakkhimha addasāma apassimha

Class 36¶

Declension of ka¶

ka - pron - who?; what?; which?

	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	ke ko	ke	kā	kā kāyo	kaṃ kiṃ	kāni ke
acc	kaṃ	ke	kaṃ	kā kāyo	kaṃ kiṃ	kāni ke
instr	kena	kehi	kāya	kāhi	kena	kehi
dat	kassa kissa kissassa	kesaṃ kesānaṃ	kassā kāya kissā	kāsaṃ kāsānaṃ	kassa kissa kissassa	kesaṃ kesānaṃ
abl	kamhā kasmā kismā	kehi	kāya	kāhi	kamhā kasmā kismā	kehi
gen	kassa kissa kissassa	kesaṃ kesānaṃ	kassā kāya kissā	kāsaṃ kāsānaṃ	kassa kissa kissassa	kesaṃ kesānaṃ
loc	kamhi kasmiṃ kimhi kismiṃ	kesu	kassaṃ kassā kāya kāyaṃ kissaṃ	kāsu	kamhi kasmiṃ kimhi kismiṃ	kesu
in comps	ka ky

kaci (someone; something; anyone; anything; whoever) is formed by adding the indefinite interrogative particle ci to ka together with its case endings.

cana, another particle of the same kind, is seen added only to the Nom. and Acc. forms of ka. Both these are added sometimes to some other interrogative stems, e.g. kadāci, kudācana.

	masc sg	masc pl	fem sg	fem pl	neut sg	neut pl
nom	koci	kecana keci	kāci	kāci	kiñci	kānici
acc	kañci kiñcanaṃ kiñci	kecana keci	kañci	kāci	kiñci	kānici
instr	kenaci	kehici	kāyaci	kāhici	kenaci	kehici
dat	kassaci	kesañci	kassāci kāyaci	kāsañci	kassaci	kesañci
abl		kehici	kāyaci	kāhici		kehici
gen	kassaci	kesañci	kassāci kāyaci	kāsañci	kassaci	kesañci
loc	kasmiñci kimhici kismici kismiñci	kesuci	kāyaci	kāsuci	kasmiñci kimhici kismici kismiñci	kesuci

Conjugation of √ñā (to know)¶

Being of the 5th conjugation, kiyādigaṇa, this root takes the conjugational sign nā.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	jānāti	jānanti	jānāte	jānante jānare
pr 2nd	jānasi jānāsi	jānātha	jānāse	jānavhe
pr 1st	jānāmi	jānāma	jāne	jānamhase jānāmhe
imp 3rd	jānatu jānātu	jānantu	jānataṃ	jānantaṃ
imp 2nd	jānahi jānāhi	jānatha jānātha	jānassu	jānavho
imp 1st	jānāmi	jānāma	jāne	jānāmase
opt 3rd	jāne jāneyya	jāneyyuṃ	jānetha	jāneraṃ
opt 2nd	jāne jāneyyāsi	jānetha jāneyyātha	jānetho	jāneyyavho jāneyyāvho
opt 1st	jāne jāneyyāmi	jānema jānemu jāneyyāma	jāneyyaṃ	jāneyyāmhe
fut 3rd	jānissati	jānissanti	jānissate	jānissante
fut 2nd	jānissasi	jānissatha	jānissase	jānissavhe
fut 1st	jānissāmi	jānissāma	jānissaṃ	jānissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
opt 3rd	jaññā jāniyā
opt 2nd	jaññā
opt 1st		jāniyāma	jaññaṃ	jāniyāmase

in aorist conjugational sigh nā is sometimes dropped

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	jāni jānī	jāniṃsu jānuṃ	jānatha jānā jānittha	jānū
aor 2nd	jāni jāno	jānittha	jānittho jānise	jānivhaṃ
aor 1st	jāniṃ	jānimha jānimhā	jāna jānaṃ jānitthaṃ	jānimhase jānimhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
fut 3rd	ñassati	ñassanti	ñassate	ñassante
fut 2nd	ñassasi	ñassatha	ñassase	ñassavhe
fut 1st	ñassāmi	ñassāma	ñassaṃ	ñassāmhe

Conjugation of √brū (to say)¶

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	bravīti brūti	brunti bruvanti	brūte	bruvante
pr 2nd	brūsi	brūtha	brūse	bruvhe
pr 1st	brūmi	brūma	bruve	brumhe
imp 3rd	bravitu brūtu	bruvantu	brūte	bruvante
imp 2nd	brūhi	brūtha	brūse	brūvhe
imp 1st	brūmi	brūma	brūve	brumhe
opt 3rd	bruve bruveyya	bruveyyuṃ	bruvetha	bruveraṃ
opt 2nd	bruveyyāsi	bruveyyātha	bruvetho	bruveyyavho
opt 1st	bruveyyāmi	bruveyyāma	bruveyyaṃ	bruveyyāmhe
fut 3rd	bravissati	bravissanti	bravissate	bravissante
fut 2nd	bravissasi	bravissatha	bravissase	bravissavhe
fut 1st	bravissāmi	bravissāma	bravissaṃ	bravissāmhe

Traditionally considered that sometimes √brū > √āh (Kacc)

	sg	pl
perf 3rd	āha	āhaṃsu āhu
perf 2nd
perf 1st

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	bravi bravī	braviṃsu bravuṃ	bravatha bravā bravittha	bravū
aor 2nd	bravi bravo	bravittha	bravittho bravise	bravivhaṃ
aor 1st	braviṃ	bravimha bravimhā	brava bravaṃ bravitthaṃ	bravimhase bravimhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	abravi abravī	abraviṃsu abravuṃ	abravatha abravā abravittha	abravū
aor 2nd	abravi abravo	abravittha	abravittho abravise	abravivhaṃ
aor 1st	abraviṃ	abravimha abravimhā	abrava abravaṃ abravitthaṃ	abravimhase abravimhe

Class 37¶

More details about numerals¶

(a) The numerals from dvi up to aṭṭhārasa are of all genders and have only the plural forms.

(b) From ekūnavīsati (19) up to nava-navuti (99) they are feminine and have only the singular form. So are koṭi (ten million) and akkhohinī (10⁴²).

(c) vīsati, tiṃsati, cattālīsati, etc. have other bases ending in ā, such as vīsā, tiṃsā, which are to be declined like normal fem ā ending.

(d) The same four numerals have a nom. sing. ending in ṃ such as vīsaṃ, tiṃsaṃ.

(e) When they form the first part of a compound they are reduced to the a endings, e g. tiṃsa-vassasahassāni, ekatiṃse ito kappe.

	fem sg	fem pl
nom	vīsati	vīsatiyo vīsatī
acc	vīsatiṃ	vīsatiyo vīsatī
instr	vīsatiyā	vīsatibhi vīsatībhi vīsatīhi
dat	vīsatiyā	vīsatīnaṃ
abl	vīsatito vīsatiyā	vīsatibhi vīsatībhi vīsatīhi
gen	vīsatiyā	vīsatīnaṃ
loc	vīsatiyaṃ vīsatiyā	vīsatisu vīsatīsu
in comps	vīsati vīsatī

The others up to navuti, and koṭi and akkhohinī are to be declined like vīsati.

When the first four of these end in ā or ṃ they are to be declined as follows:—

	fem sg
nom	vīsa vīsaṃ vīsā vīse
acc	vīsaṃ
instr	vīsāya
dat	vīsāya
abl	vīsāya
gen	vīsāya
loc	vīsāya vīsāyaṃ
in comps	vīsa

sata, sahassa, lakkha (hundred thousand) and the compounds ending with them are neuter singulars; but they take the plural forms when it is required to express separate quantities.

	neut sg	neut pl
nom	sataṃ sate	satā satāni
acc	sataṃ	satāni sate
instr	satena	satehi
dat	satassa satāya	satānaṃ
abl	satato satamhā satasmā satā	satehi
gen	satassa	satānaṃ
loc	satamhi satasmiṃ sate	satesu
in comps	sata

sahassa, lakkha and the higher numerals from nahuta up to asaṅkheyya are to be declined similarly except akkhohinī

The higher numerals which were not given previously are:—

pakoṭi one hundred trillion, 10¹⁴ (10 000 000 koṭi = 1 pakoṭi)

koṭippakoṭi 10²¹ (10 000 000 pakoṭi = 1 koṭippakoṭi)

nahutaṃ 10²⁸ (10 000 000 koṭippakoṭi = 1 nahuta); ten thousand also is meant by this term.

ninnahutaṃ 10³⁵ (10 000 000 nahuta = 1 ninnahuta)

akkhohinī 10⁴²

abbudaṃ 10⁵⁶

nirabbudaṃ 10⁶³

ahahaṃ 10⁷⁰ (20 aṭaṭa = 1 ahaha)

ababaṃ 10⁷⁶

aṭaṭaṃ 10⁸⁴ (20 nirabbuda = 1 aṭaṭa)

sogandhikaṃ 10⁹¹ (20 kumuda = 1 sogandhika)

uppalaṃ 10⁹⁸ (20 sogandhika = 1 uppala)

kumudaṃ 10¹⁰⁵ (20 ahaha = 1 kumuda)

puṇḍarīkaṃ 10¹¹² (20 uppala = 1 puṇḍarīka)

padumaṃ 10¹¹⁹ (20 puṇḍarīka = 1 paduma)

kathānaṃ 10¹²⁷

mahākathānaṃ 10¹³⁴

asaṅkheyyaṃ = 10140

Each preceding number is multiplied by ten million to give the succeeding number.

Future forms in the past sense¶

The 1st Person singular of the Future Reflexive is often found in the Past sense. The Pali Grammar, Saddanīti, states it as a change of the Aorist inflection. Mostly can be found in verse.

anekajātisaṃsāraṃ, sandhāvissaṃ anibbisaṃ

Class 38¶

Words governing the instrumental¶

Substitutes for Reflexive Pronouns.¶

There are no true reflexive pronouns in Pali; instead of them personal pronouns are used together with the Instrumental singular of atta (i.e. attanā), which does not care about the case or number of its antecedent.

The other substitutes are the indeclinable sayaṃ, and sāmaṃ. (oneself; by oneself; for oneself)

Indeclinable seyyo and varaṃ¶

seyya and vara are adjectives meaning: excellent; best; foremost. But there are two indeclinable seyyo and varaṃ, meaning: (better (than); it is better (than); preferable (to). They are found only with an antecedent in the nominative, e.g. sā yeva pūjanā seyyo

Some words that govern the instrumental or the agent¶

sakkā - ind - it is possible (to); one is able (to)

is very often construed with the agent case,

e.g. amhehi imasmiṃ ṭhāne vasituṃ na sakkā

We are not able to live in this place. (lit. it is not possible by us to live in this place.

labbhā - ind - it is possible (to); is it possible (to)

also is construed with the same case.

vaṭṭati - it is suitable (to); it is right (to) - is an intransitive verb. It is always found in the sentences of passive construction where an infinitive takes the place of the subject,

e.g. imehi kathita-kathaṃ amhehi kātuṃ vaṭṭati

It is suitable for us to do what they have said.

The Potential or Future Participles, ending in -tabba, anīya etc. are always to be construed with the agent case.

Class 39¶

Conjugation of √ṭhā (to stand)¶

This is often changed to tiṭṭha; but this change does not occur in Past and Future forms.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	ṭhāti	ṭhanti	ṭhāte	ṭhante ṭhare
pr 2nd	ṭhasi ṭhāsi	ṭhātha	ṭhāse	ṭhavhe
pr 1st	ṭhāmi	ṭhāma	ṭhe	ṭhamhase ṭhāmhe
imp 3rd	ṭhatu ṭhātu	ṭhantu	ṭhataṃ	ṭhantaṃ
imp 2nd	ṭhahi ṭhāhi	ṭhatha ṭhātha	ṭhassu	ṭhavho
imp 1st	ṭhāmi	ṭhāma	ṭhe	ṭhāmase
opt 3rd	ṭhe ṭheyya	ṭheyyuṃ	ṭhetha	ṭheraṃ
opt 2nd	ṭhe ṭheyyāsi	ṭhetha ṭheyyātha	ṭhetho	ṭheyyavho ṭheyyāvho
opt 1st	ṭhe ṭheyyāmi	ṭhema ṭhemu ṭheyyāma	ṭheyyaṃ	ṭheyyāmhe
fut 3rd	ṭhissati	ṭhissanti	ṭhissate	ṭhissante
fut 2nd	ṭhissasi	ṭhissatha	ṭhissase	ṭhissavhe
fut 1st	ṭhissāmi	ṭhissāma	ṭhissaṃ	ṭhissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	tiṭṭhati	tiṭṭhanti	tiṭṭhate	tiṭṭhante tiṭṭhare
pr 2nd	tiṭṭhasi	tiṭṭhatha	tiṭṭhase	tiṭṭhavhe
pr 1st	tiṭṭhāmi	tiṭṭhāma	tiṭṭhe	tiṭṭhamhase tiṭṭhāmhe
imp 3rd	tiṭṭhatu	tiṭṭhantu	tiṭṭhataṃ	tiṭṭhantaṃ
imp 2nd	tiṭṭha tiṭṭhāsi tiṭṭhāhi	tiṭṭhatha	tiṭṭhassu	tiṭṭhavho
imp 1st	tiṭṭhāmi	tiṭṭhāma	tiṭṭhe	tiṭṭhāmase
opt 3rd	tiṭṭhe tiṭṭheyya	tiṭṭheyyu tiṭṭheyyuṃ	tiṭṭhetha	tiṭṭheraṃ
opt 2nd	tiṭṭhe tiṭṭheyyāsi	tiṭṭhetha tiṭṭheyyātha	tiṭṭhetho tiṭṭheyyātho	tiṭṭheyyavho tiṭṭheyyāvho
opt 1st	tiṭṭhe tiṭṭheyyāmi	tiṭṭhema tiṭṭhemu tiṭṭheyyāma	tiṭṭheyyaṃ	tiṭṭhemase tiṭṭheyyāmhe
fut 3rd	tiṭṭhissati	tiṭṭhissanti	tiṭṭhissate	tiṭṭhissante
fut 2nd	tiṭṭhissasi	tiṭṭhissatha	tiṭṭhissase	tiṭṭhissavhe
fut 1st	tiṭṭhissāmi	tiṭṭhissāma	tiṭṭhissaṃ	tiṭṭhissāmase tiṭṭhissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg
aor 3rd	aṭṭhāsi	aṭṭhaṃsu aṭṭhiṃsu	aṭṭhāsatha aṭṭhāsittha
aor 2nd	aṭṭhāsi	aṭṭhattha	aṭṭhāsittho
aor 1st	aṭṭhāsiṃ	aṭṭhamhā	aṭṭhāsitthaṃ

Conjugation of √su (to hear)¶

Being in the fourth conjugation its conjugationals signs are ṇā and ṇo.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	suṇāti	suṇanti	suṇāte	suṇante suṇare
pr 2nd	suṇasi suṇāsi	suṇātha	suṇāse	suṇavhe
pr 1st	suṇāmi	suṇāma	suṇe	suṇamhase suṇāmhe
imp 3rd	suṇatu suṇātu	suṇantu	suṇataṃ	suṇantaṃ
imp 2nd	suṇahi suṇāhi	suṇatha suṇātha	suṇassu	suṇavho
imp 1st	suṇāmi	suṇāma	suṇe	suṇāmase
opt 3rd	suṇe suṇeyya	suṇeyyuṃ	suṇetha	suṇeraṃ
opt 2nd	suṇe suṇeyyāsi	suṇetha suṇeyyātha	suṇetho	suṇeyyavho suṇeyyāvho
opt 1st	suṇe suṇeyyāmi	suṇema suṇemu suṇeyyāma	suṇeyyaṃ	suṇeyyāmhe
fut 3rd	suṇissati	suṇissanti	suṇissate	suṇissante
fut 2nd	suṇissasi	suṇissatha	suṇissase	suṇissavhe
fut 1st	suṇissāmi	suṇissāma	suṇissaṃ	suṇissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	suṇoti	suṇonti
pr 2nd	suṇosi	suṇotha
pr 1st	suṇomi	suṇoma
imp 3rd	suṇotu	suṇontu
imp 2nd	suṇa suṇohi	suṇotha
imp 1st	suṇomi	suṇoma
opt 3rd	suṇe suṇeyya	suṇeyyuṃ	suṇetha	suṇeraṃ
opt 2nd	suṇe suṇeyyāsi	suṇetha suṇeyyātha	suṇetho suṇeyyātho	suṇeyyavho suṇeyyāvho
opt 1st	suṇe suṇeyyaṃ suṇeyyāmi	suṇema suṇemu suṇeyyāma	suṇeyyaṃ	suṇeyyāmhe
fut 3rd	suṇissati	suṇissanti	suṇissate	suṇissante
fut 2nd	suṇissasi	suṇissatha	suṇissase	suṇissavhe
fut 1st	suṇissāmi	suṇissāma	suṇissaṃ	suṇissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	suṇi suṇī	suṇiṃsu suṇuṃ	suṇatha suṇā suṇittha	suṇū
aor 2nd	suṇi suṇo	suṇittha	suṇittho suṇise	suṇivhaṃ
aor 1st	suṇiṃ	suṇimha suṇimhā	suṇa suṇaṃ suṇitthaṃ	suṇimhase suṇimhe

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	assosi	assosuṃ
aor 2nd	assu assosi	assuttha assosittha
aor 1st	assumhi assosiṃ	assumha assumhā assosimhā

Conjugation of √gah (to grasp)¶

√gah (to take) is in the sixth conjugation, conjugational sign of which is ṇhā. This explained by elision of final h of the root.

Some state this to be in fifth group with conjugational sign ṇā, and explain this as interchange of h and ṇ: √gah + ṇā + ti = gaṇhāti.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	gaṇhāti	gaṇhanti	gaṇhāte	gaṇhante gaṇhare
pr 2nd	gaṇhasi gaṇhāsi	gaṇhātha	gaṇhāse	gaṇhavhe
pr 1st	gaṇhāmi	gaṇhāma	gaṇhe	gaṇhamhase gaṇhāmhe
imp 3rd	gaṇhatu gaṇhātu	gaṇhantu	gaṇhataṃ	gaṇhantaṃ
imp 2nd	gaṇhahi gaṇhāhi	gaṇhatha gaṇhātha	gaṇhassu	gaṇhavho
imp 1st	gaṇhāmi	gaṇhāma	gaṇhe	gaṇhāmase
opt 3rd	gaṇhe gaṇheyya	gaṇheyyuṃ	gaṇhetha	gaṇheraṃ
opt 2nd	gaṇhe gaṇheyyāsi	gaṇhetha gaṇheyyātha	gaṇhetho	gaṇheyyavho gaṇheyyāvho
opt 1st	gaṇhe gaṇheyyāmi	gaṇhema gaṇhemu gaṇheyyāma	gaṇheyyaṃ	gaṇheyyāmhe
fut 3rd	gaṇhissati	gaṇhissanti	gaṇhissate	gaṇhissante
fut 2nd	gaṇhissasi	gaṇhissatha	gaṇhissase	gaṇhissavhe
fut 1st	gaṇhissāmi	gaṇhissāma	gaṇhissaṃ	gaṇhissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	gaṇhi gaṇhī	gaṇhiṃsu gaṇhuṃ	gaṇhatha gaṇhā gaṇhittha	gaṇhū
aor 2nd	gaṇhi gaṇho	gaṇhittha	gaṇhittho gaṇhise	gaṇhivhaṃ
aor 1st	gaṇhiṃ	gaṇhimha gaṇhimhā	gaṇha gaṇhaṃ gaṇhitthaṃ	gaṇhimhase gaṇhimhe

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	aggahesi	aggahesuṃ
aor 2nd	aggahesi	aggahittha aggahettha
aor 1st	aggahesiṃ	aggahimha aggahimhā

Indeclinable mā¶

This is a prohibitive particle and very often is used with an aorist verb. When an aorist verb is connected with mā it may stand for any of the Tenses,

e.g. mayhaṃ vasanaṭṭhānaṃ mā kassaci ācikkhi

Do not inform any one of my dwelling place.

Enclitic forms of tumha and amha¶

The Personal Pronoun tumha has the singular form te and plural form vo in the Acc., Ins., Dat. and Gen. cases.

Likewise amha ham me and vo in the same numbers and cases.

None of these is to be used at the beginning of a sentence. They always follow another word,

e.g. dhammaṃ vo, bhikkhave, desessami.

Class 40¶

Various bases of the √i¶

The √i (to go) has only the Present, Imperative, Potential and Future forms. When it is joined with various prefixes it gives different meanings according to the prefix joined. Some of its bases formed thus have all the moods.

ā + √i + a + ti > eti, comes.

ud + √i + a + ti > udeti, rises; grows; develops

upa + √i + a + ti > upeti, approaches.

apa + √i + a + ti > apeti, goes away; leaves; disappears

anu + √i + a + ti > anveti, follows; comes after.

saṃ + √i + a + ti > = sameti, meets or agrees (with).

saṃ + upa + √i + a + ti > = samupeti, approaches or becomes endowed with.

abhi + saṃ + √i + a + ti = abhisameti, completely realises; fully understands

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	eti	enti
pr 2nd	esi	etha
pr 1st	emi	ema
imp 3rd	etu	entu	etaṃ	entaṃ
imp 2nd	ehi	etha	essu	evho
imp 1st	emi	ema	e	emase
opt 3rd	eyya	eyyuṃ	etha	eraṃ
opt 2nd	eyyāsi	eyyātha	etho	eyyavho eyyāvho
opt 1st	eyyāmi	eyyāma	eyyaṃ	eyyāmhe
fut 3rd	essati ehiti	essanti ehinti	essate ehite	essante ehinte
fut 2nd	essasi ehisi	essatha ehitha	essase ehise	essavhe ehivhe
fut 1st	essāmi ehimi	essāma ehima	essaṃ ehissaṃ	essāmhe ehissāmhe

Conjugation of √pad (to go, step)¶

√pad (to go) expresses different meanings according to the various prefixes joined to it. This, being in the 3rd conjugation, takes the conjugations sign ya.

ud + √pad + ya + ti = uppajjati, appears; arises

ā + √pad + ya + ti = āpajjati, commits; gets into ; meets with.

pati + √pad + ya + ti = patipajjati, practises; goes along; follows a method.

saṃ + ā + √pad + ya + ti = samāpajjati, enters; attains; engages (in); practices.

saṃ + √pad + ya + ti = sampajjati, succeeds; becomes; happens to be.

upa + √pad + ya + ti = upapajjati, takes birth; is reborn.

In the Imperfect the base upapajja is changed as udapajja. An additional base udapād is found in the Aorist.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
imperf 3rd	udapajjā	udapajju udapajjuṃ udapajjū	udapajjattha udapajjatthu	udapajjatthuṃ
imperf 2nd	udapajja udapajjo	udapajjattha	udapajjase	udapajjavhaṃ
imperf 1st	udapajja udapajjaṃ	udapajjamha udapajjamhā	udapajjiṃ	udapajjamhase

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	udapajji udapajjī	udapajjisuṃ udapajjiṃsu udapajjuṃ	udapajjā	udapajjū
aor 2nd	udapajji udapajjo	udapajjittha	udapajjā udapajjise	udapajjivhaṃ
aor 1st	udapajjiṃ	udapajjimha udapajjimhā	udapajja udapajjaṃ	udapajjimhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	udapādi udapādī	udapādiṃsu udapāduṃ	udapādatha udapādā udapādittha	udapādū
aor 2nd	udapādi udapādo	udapādittha	udapādittho udapādise	udapādivhaṃ
aor 1st	udapādiṃ	udapādimha udapādimhā	udapāda udapādaṃ udapāditthaṃ	udapādimhase udapādimhe

Conjugation of √labh (to get)¶

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	labhati	labhanti	labhate	labhante labhare
pr 2nd	labhasi	labhatha	labhase	labhavhe
pr 1st	labhāmi	labhāma	labhe	labhamhase labhāmhe
imp 3rd	labhatu	labhantu	labhataṃ	labhantaṃ
imp 2nd	labha labhāsi labhāhi	labhatha	labhassu	labhavho
imp 1st	labhāmi	labhāma	labhe	labhāmase
opt 3rd	labhe labheyya	labheyyu labheyyuṃ	labhetha	labheraṃ
opt 2nd	labhe labheyyāsi	labhetha labheyyātha	labhetho labheyyātho	labheyyavho labheyyāvho
opt 1st	labhe labheyyāmi	labhema labhemu labheyyāma	labheyyaṃ	labhemase labheyyāmhe
fut 3rd	labhissati	labhissanti	labhissate	labhissante
fut 2nd	labhissasi	labhissatha	labhissase	labhissavhe
fut 1st	labhissāmi	labhissāma	labhissaṃ	labhissāmase labhissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
fut 3rd	lacchati	lacchanti	lacchate	lacchante
fut 2nd	lacchasi	lacchatha	lacchase	lacchavhe
fut 1st	lacchāmi	lacchāma	lacchaṃ	lacchāmase lacchāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	labhi labhī	labhiṃsu labhuṃ	labhatha labhā labhittha	labhū
aor 2nd	labhi labho	labhittha	labhittho labhise	labhivhaṃ
aor 1st	labhiṃ	labhimha labhimhā	labha labhaṃ labhitthaṃ	labhimhase labhimhe

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	alattha	alatthaṃsu alatthuṃ
aor 2nd	alattha
aor 1st	alatthaṃ	alatthamha alatthamhā

Conjugation of √vas (to live)¶

ssa of the Future inflections after √vas (to live) is sometimes changed to cha, and the final s of the root to c.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
fut 3rd	vacchati	vacchanti	vacchate	vacchante
fut 2nd	vacchasi	vacchatha	vacchase	vacchavhe
fut 1st	vacchāmi	vacchāma	vacchaṃ	vacchāmase vacchāmhe

Conjugation of √ās (to sit)¶

√ās (to sit) is sometimes changed to accha in all the moods.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	acchati	acchanti	acchate	acchante acchare
pr 2nd	acchasi	acchatha	acchase	acchavhe
pr 1st	acchāmi	acchāma	acche	acchamhase acchāmhe
imp 3rd	acchatu	acchantu	acchataṃ	acchantaṃ
imp 2nd	accha acchāsi acchāhi	acchatha	acchassu	acchavho
imp 1st	acchāmi	acchāma	acche	acchāmase
opt 3rd	acche accheyya	accheyyu accheyyuṃ	acchetha	accheraṃ
opt 2nd	acche accheyyāsi	acchetha accheyyātha	acchetho accheyyātho	accheyyavho accheyyāvho
opt 1st	acche accheyyāmi	acchema acchemu accheyyāma	accheyyaṃ	acchemase accheyyāmhe
fut 3rd	acchissati	acchissanti	acchissate	acchissante
fut 2nd	acchissasi	acchissatha	acchissase	acchissavhe
fut 1st	acchissāmi	acchissāma	acchissaṃ	acchissāmase acchissāmhe

Class 41¶

Conjugation of √han (to strike, kill)¶

The root √han (to strike, kill) has two other substitutes: vadha and ghāta. (Conjugational sign of which is a).

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	hanati hanti	hananti	hanate	hanante hanare
pr 2nd	hanasi	hanatha	hanase	hanavhe
pr 1st	hanāmi	hanāma	hane	hanāmhe
imp 3rd	hanatu	hanantu
imp 2nd	hana hanāhi	hanatha	hanassu
imp 1st	hanāmi	hanāma	hane	hanāmase
opt 3rd	hane haneyya	haneyyuṃ
opt 2nd	hane haneyyāsi	haneyyātha
opt 1st	hane haneyyāmi	haneyyāma
fut 3rd	hanissati	hanissanti
fut 2nd	hanissasi	hanissatha
fut 1st	hanissāmi	hanissāma

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	hani hanī	haniṃsu hanuṃ	hanatha hanā hanittha	hanū
aor 2nd	hani hano	hanittha	hanittho hanise	hanivhaṃ
aor 1st	haniṃ	hanimha hanimhā	hana hanaṃ hanitthaṃ	hanimhase hanimhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	vadheti	vadhenti
pr 2nd	vadhesi	vadhetha
pr 1st	vadhemi	vadhema
imp 3rd	vadhetu	vadhentu	vadhetaṃ	vadhentaṃ
imp 2nd	vadhehi	vadhetha	vadhassu vadhessu	vadhavho vadhevho
imp 1st	vadhemi	vadhema	vadhe	vadhamase vadhemase
opt 3rd	vadhe vadheyya	vadheyyuṃ	vadhetha	vadheraṃ
opt 2nd	vadhe vadheyyāsi	vadhetha vadheyyātha	vadhetho vadheyyātho	vadheyyavho vadheyyāvho
opt 1st	vadhe vadheyyāmi	vadhema vadhemu vadheyyāma	vadheyyaṃ	vadheyyāmhe
fut 3rd	vadhissati vadhessati	vadhissanti vadhessanti	vadhessate	vadhessante
fut 2nd	vadhissasi vadhessasi	vadhissatha vadhessatha	vadhessase	vadhessavhe
fut 1st	vadhissāmi vadhessāmi	vadhissāma vadhessāma	vadhessaṃ	vadhessāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	vadhi vadhī	vadhiṃsu vadhuṃ	vadhatha vadhā vadhittha	vadhū
aor 2nd	vadhi vadho	vadhittha	vadhittho vadhise	vadhivhaṃ
aor 1st	vadhiṃ	vadhimha vadhimhā	vadha vadhaṃ vadhitthaṃ	vadhimhase vadhimhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	ghāteti	ghātenti
pr 2nd	ghātesi	ghātetha
pr 1st	ghātemi	ghātema
imp 3rd	ghātetu	ghātentu	ghātetaṃ	ghātentaṃ
imp 2nd	ghātehi	ghātetha	ghātassu ghātessu	ghātavho ghātevho
imp 1st	ghātemi	ghātema	ghāte	ghātamase ghātemase
opt 3rd	ghāte ghāteyya	ghāteyyuṃ	ghātetha	ghāteraṃ
opt 2nd	ghāte ghāteyyāsi	ghātetha ghāteyyātha	ghātetho ghāteyyātho	ghāteyyavho ghāteyyāvho
opt 1st	ghāte ghāteyyāmi	ghātema ghātemu ghāteyyāma	ghāteyyaṃ	ghāteyyāmhe
fut 3rd	ghātissati ghātessati	ghātissanti ghātessanti	ghātessate	ghātessante
fut 2nd	ghātissasi ghātessasi	ghātissatha ghātessatha	ghātessase	ghātessavhe
fut 1st	ghātissāmi ghātessāmi	ghātissāma ghātessāma	ghātessaṃ	ghātessāmhe

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	ghātesi	ghātesuṃ
aor 2nd	ghātesi	ghātittha ghātettha
aor 1st	ghātesiṃ	ghātimha ghātimhā

Conjugation of √har (to carry)¶

√har (to carry) has some peculiar forms in the Aorist

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	ahari ahāsi	ahariṃsu aharuṃ ahaṃsu ahāsuṃ
aor 2nd	ahari aharo ahāsi	aharittha ahāsittha
aor 1st	ahariṃ ahāsiṃ	aharimha aharimhā ahāsimha

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	hari hāsi	hariṃsu haruṃ haṃsu hāsuṃ
aor 2nd	hari haro hāsi	harittha hāsittha
aor 1st	hariṃ hāsiṃ	harimha harimhā hāsimha

√har has a different meaning when it is joined with the prefix vi. vi + √har (to dwell or live).

	sg	pl
aor 3rd	vihari vihāsi	vihariṃsu viharuṃ vihaṃsu vihāsuṃ
aor 2nd	vihari viharo vihāsi	viharittha vihāsittha
aor 1st	vihariṃ vihāsiṃ	viharimha viharimhā vihāsimha

Potential 1st per. plural, has the peculiar form viharemu.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	viharati	viharanti	viharate	viharante viharare
pr 2nd	viharasi	viharatha	viharase	viharavhe
pr 1st	viharāmi	viharāma	vihare	viharamhase viharāmhe
imp 3rd	viharatu	viharantu	viharataṃ	viharantaṃ
imp 2nd	vihara viharāsi viharāhi	viharatha	viharassu	viharavho
imp 1st	viharāmi	viharāma	vihare	viharāmase
opt 3rd	vihare vihareyya	vihareyyu vihareyyuṃ	viharetha	vihareraṃ
opt 2nd	vihare vihareyyāsi	viharetha vihareyyātha	viharetho vihareyyātho	vihareyyavho vihareyyāvho
opt 1st	vihare vihareyyāmi	viharema viharemu vihareyyāma	vihareyyaṃ	viharemase vihareyyāmhe
fut 3rd	viharissati	viharissanti	viharissate	viharissante
fut 2nd	viharissasi	viharissatha	viharissase	viharissavhe
fut 1st	viharissāmi	viharissāma	viharissaṃ	viharissāmase viharissāmhe

Conjugation of √hā (to abandon)¶

√hā (to abandon), has jahā as its base. This is of the 1st conjugation.

jahāti, jahanti, jahi, jahissati, etc. are to be constructed.

Another √hā (+ ya) of the 3rd conjugation has the meanings: to lose, to decrease

It is to be conjugated as:

hāyati, hāyanti, hāyi, hāyissati and so on.

√jar 1 a (to age) has two related roots √jīr 1 a (to grow old, decay) and √jī 3 ya (to age, decay)

√mar (to die) has two bases : mara and mīya. |

marati, mīyati or miyyati, dies.

jīrāpeti, (the causal form of jīrati), has the meaning: to digest jīrāpetuṃ asakkonto, being unable to digest (the food).

Class 42¶

Denominative verbs¶

Denominative verbs are formed from the noun-stems by means of suffixes āya and īya.

Formed with āya :

sukhāyati

taṇhāyati

kukkuccāyati

piyāyati

dhūpāyati

In later literature we can find denominative formed with īya :

pattīyati

taṇhīyati

dukkhīyati

sukhīyati

hirīyati

aṭṭīyati

Onomatopoetic verbs¶

Onomatopoetic verbs formed from the stems that are in imitation of natural sounds, such as 'hum'.

The suffix used to form these is āya.

taṭataṭāyati \< taṭataṭa + āya + ti

cicciṭāyati \< ciṭi + ciṭa + āya + ti

ciṭiciṭāyati \< ciṭi + ciṭi + āya + ti

gaḷagaḷāyati \< gaḷagaḷa + āya + ti

Desiderative verbs¶

Desiderative verbs express the desire to do, or wish to be, that which is denoted by the simple root.

The conjugational signs of these are sa, cha and kha. The first syllable of the root is reduplicated before these signs.

In reduplication:¶

- An aspirate must be reduplicated by its unaspirate: bhuja becomes bubhuja.

- A guttural is reduplicated by its corresponding palatal: ghasa becomes jaghasa.

- Initial h is reduplicated by j : hā becomes jahā

- A long vowel in a reduplicated syllable is shortened, as in the above jahā.

suffix sa¶

sussūsati

√su + su > sussū + sa > sussūsa (desid)

sussūsa + ti

jigīsati

√ji + ji > jigī + sa > jigīsa (desid)

jigīsa + ti

vīmaṃsati

√man + man > mamaṃ + sa > vīmaṃsa (desid, irreg)

vīmaṃsa + ti

Suffix cha (sa > cha).¶

vicikicchati

√cit + cit > cikitt+ (sa > cha) > cikiccha (desid)

vi + cikiccha + ti

jigucchati

√gup + gup > jigupp + (sa > cha) > jiguccha (desid)

jiguccha + ti

tikicchati

√kit + kit > tikitt + (sa > cha) > tikiccha (desid)

tikiccha + ti

Suffix kha (j + sa > kha).¶

titikkhati

√tij + tij > titijj + (sa > kha) > titikkha (desid)

titikkha + ti

bubhukkhati

√bhuj + bhuj > bubhujj + (sa > kha) > bubhukkha (desid)

bubhukkha + ti

wi

Class 43¶

Passive forms¶

- Only Transitive verbs can have passive forms. Very often the Intransitive roots become Transitive by means of the prefixes joined to them, then they also may have the passive forms.

- The attanopada group, which may be called Reflexive was at first used only for the Passive Voice; but later on the distinction disappeared and both the groups were used in either Voice.

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
pr 3rd	vimuccati	vimuccanti	vimuccate	vimuccante vimuccare
pr 2nd	vimuccasi	vimuccatha	vimuccase	vimuccavhe
pr 1st	vimuccāmi	vimuccāma	vimucce	vimuccamhase vimuccāmhe
imp 3rd	vimuccatu	vimuccantu	vimuccataṃ	vimuccantaṃ
imp 2nd	vimucca vimuccāsi vimuccāhi	vimuccatha	vimuccassu	vimuccavho
imp 1st	vimuccāmi	vimuccāma	vimucce	vimuccāmase
opt 3rd	vimucce vimucceyya	vimucceyyu vimucceyyuṃ	vimuccetha	vimucceraṃ
opt 2nd	vimucce vimucceyyāsi	vimuccetha vimucceyyātha	vimuccetho vimucceyyātho	vimucceyyavho vimucceyyāvho
opt 1st	vimucce vimucceyyāmi	vimuccema vimuccemu vimucceyyāma	vimucceyyaṃ	vimuccemase vimucceyyāmhe
fut 3rd	vimuccissati	vimuccissanti	vimuccissate	vimuccissante
fut 2nd	vimuccissasi	vimuccissatha	vimuccissase	vimuccissavhe
fut 1st	vimuccissāmi	vimuccissāma	vimuccissaṃ	vimuccissāmase vimuccissāmhe

	sg	pl	reflexive sg	reflexive pl
aor 3rd	vimucci vimuccī	vimucciṃsu vimuccuṃ	vimuccatha vimuccā vimuccittha	vimuccū
aor 2nd	vimucci vimucco	vimuccittha	vimuccittho vimuccise	vimuccivhaṃ
aor 1st	vimucciṃ	vimuccimha vimuccimhā	vimucca vimuccaṃ vimuccitthaṃ	vimuccimhase vimuccimhe

SOME PASSIVE BASES¶

√ñā (to know) + ya = ñāya (to be known).

√bhid (to break) + ya = bhijja (to be broken).

√dis (to see) + ya = diesa (to be seen or to appear).

√han (to strike, kill) + ya = hañña (to be killed; to be injured).

√chid (to cut) + ya = chijja (to be cut or broken).

√muc (to release) + ya = mucca (to be free).

The final h of the root and y of the sign are always interchanged.

√ḍah (to burn) + ya = ḍayha (to be burnt).

√gah (to take) + ya = gayha (to be taken).

The initial va of some roots is changed to vu before the passive sign ya.

√vac (to say) + ya + ti = vuccati, is said to be; is called.

√vah (to carry) +ya +ti = vuyhati, is carried away; is swept away

√vas (to live) + ya + ti = vussati; is lived

The roots ending in ā change their vowel to ī before ya:

√dhā (to place) + ya + ti = dhīyati, is placed

√ha (to decrease) + ya + ti = hīyati, is decreased.

√dā (to give) + ya + ti = dīyati, is given; is offered

The final i and u of the roots are lengthened before ya when y is not doubled :

√ci (to collect) + ya + ti = cīyati

√su (to hear) + ya + ti = sūyati, suyyati.

Another way to form Passive bases is to insert an ī between the root and the sign ya :

√kar (to do) + ī + ya + ti = karīyati, is done.

In some cases ya is added to the active bases by means of ī:

anu + √yuj (to join) + ṃa + īya > anuyuñjīyati, is engaged

√chid (to cut) + ṃa > chinda + īya > chindīyati, is cut

ya is added to the causative bases by means of ī

√bhaj (divide) + *e > bhāje (caus) + īya > bhājīyati, is divided

√bhū (to be) + *e > bhāve (caus) + īya > bhāvīyati, is cultivated

√yuj (to join) + *e > joje (caus) + īya > yojīyati, is yoked

Some roots have more than one passive base:

√gah - gayhati, gaṇhīyati

√chid - chindīyati, chijjati

√muc - muñcīyati, muccati

Class 44¶

Analysis of sentences¶

There are three kinds of sentences :—

Simple

Complex

Compound

Every sentence must contain two parts — the subject and the predicate. A simple sentence contains only one subject and one predicate :

puriso khettaṃ kasati.

na pupphagandho paṭivātaṃ eti.

ko na sammohaṃ āpādi?

A complex sentence consists of a principal sentence with one or more dependent (or subordinate) sentences :

Sac’ahaṃ gehaṃ gamissāmi, mātāpitaro maṃ tajjessanti.

Here the subordinate sentence is: “Sac’ahaṃ gehaṃ gamissāmi”. The other is the principal one.

A compound sentence consists of two or more simple or complex sentences joined together by means of a conjunction :

thero mūlasiriṃ pakkosāpesi, atha mahājanakāyo sannipati.

Here are two simple sentences connected by atha; neither of these is subordinate to the other; but they have a connection in their sense.

Sac’assa gehadvāraṃ gamissāmi, imassa bhariyā maṃ daṭṭhuṃ na sakkhissati; yāv’assa bhattaṃ ādāya maggaṃ paṭipajjati tāva idh’eva bhavissāmi.

Here, two complex sentences are connected by tasmā (= therefore), which is understood.

atha and tasmā are not conjunctions like English “and”, but conjunctive adverbs.

It is stated above that a sentence consists of two

partse—the subject and the predicate. The following simple sentence may be divided into those two parts though it contains so many words :—

“ Patubhiita-sattaratano raja Kalingo Cakkavatti

ekadivasayn sabbalankdra-patimandito mali-vilepana- dharo sabbasetan Kelisakiita-patibhagan gajaratanam druyha matapitunnan assama-padan payasi ”.

Subject.

Raja, Kalingo Cakkavatti, pitubhiita-sattaratano, sabbalankara-patimandito, mal4-vilepanadharo.

Predicate.

Péyasi, sabbasetan Kelasakiita-patibhagan gajarata- nam aruyha,matapitunnayassamapaday.

69. The subject must be a noun or some word or words used instead of a noun.

(1) A n o u n : Puriso gaman gacchati.

(2) A pronoun : So rukkhan chindati.

(3) An adjective used as a n o u n : Dhanavad gehay

kinati.

(4) A gerund: Tattha gamanam sukhavahan bha- vissati.

(5) Aninfinitive : Na sakka gantum.

(6) Aphrase:(a) “Tint phalant pattena ariyasiva- kena olokita-olokitatthinam kampi ”’.

(6) “ Sunakhakilepacceka-Buddhesine-

hena pavattitabhutikarana-matiam eva rakkhati”’.

69. While dividing a sentence into two parts the object w a s put under the predicate. The object stands a s a completion to the predicate.

The object may be (1) @ noun, (2) a pronoun, (3) a n adjective used as a noun, (4) a gerund, (5) an infinitive, or (6) a phrase, as was stated in the case of a subject.

(1) Noun: Puriso rukkham chindati.

(2) Pronoun : Te mam paharinsu.

(3) Adjective : Cora dhanavaniam haninsu.

(4) Gerund: Thero tassa dgamanam paccasinsati.

(5) Infinitive: Na visahati bhottum.

(6) Phrase: Ahan Jetavane vasantam Bhagavantamn passin.

Enlargement.

70. Both the subject and the object may be enlarged by attributive adjuncts. The attributive may be:

(1) An adjective,

(2) A n o u n is apposition,

(3) A n o u n o r pronoun in the possessive case,

|(4)

(5)

(6) A clause connected by a relative pronoun. Examples in order :—

(1) Balava puriso mahantash rukkhay aruhati.

(2) Raji Ajdtasattu Vedehiputio attano pitaran Seniyam Bimbisiram jivita voropesi.

(3) Gahapatino putto tassa gone pahari.

(4) Vihdram gato raja Pasendi Kosalo dhammam

desentarn Bhagavantay paasi.

(5) Sabbilaikara-patimandito Kalingo Cakkavatti

Kelésoktja-patibhagam gajaratanam druyha agamiai.

(6) (a)

(6)

Attributive to the subject:

“ Sukhay supanti munayo Ye stthisu n a bajjhare”’.

to the object :

“Yo me Adnan pakittess pasanno sena cetasd,

Tam ahay kittayissami ”’.

A phrase,

A compound noun, o r

The Predicate and its Extension.

71. The Predicate is always a verb. It may be enlarged, extended, o r modified by a n adverb o r any

word o r words equivalent to a n adverb. Such exten- sions a re called Adverbial Adjuncts.

TheAdverbialAdjunctmaybe —.

(t) Anadverb: ‘ Sukhars supanti munayo ”, o r

(2) An adverbial phrase: Bhagavati Jetavane viha- rante bahii deva-manussa tan namassinsu.

|Adverbs.

(1) Of time: yadda, tadé, idani, ajja, pato, diva, eto,

(2) Of place: tattha, yahim, kutra, tamhd, uddhams adho, hettha, diirato, etc.

(3) O f degree o r quantity : thokam, bahukam, ydvata, tavata, yava, tava, kittavatd, etc.

(4) Ofmanner:sigham,sanikam,sahasa,sukham.

(5) Of certainty : addhd, vata, kama, jatu, ve, etc.

(6) Of reason and consequenc:e tasmé, tena, yato, yam, tato, kasmé, etc.

Adverbial Phrases also a re classified like the adverbs : (1) Taemim jivante yeva tassa parisa vipulad ahosi. (2) Maharafifa karite vihdre bahavo thera vasanti. (4) “ Danaveyyavatiko pi panne dropiia-niyamen

‘eva tesay tesan gehani bhikkhii pahini”.

“ medhanacchedo ”. (4) Yatha nahoti,tatha karissiami

Class 45¶

Definition of clauses¶

DEFINITION OF CLAUSES

73. Aclause is a part sentence containing a finite verb of its own. (A complex sentence must contain a t least two clauses, one main, and the other subordinate).

The clauses of three kinds :—

1. NounClause,whichstandsinthplaceofanoun and becomes the subject or the object.

2. Adjectival Clause, which takes the place of an adjective and enlarges the subject or the object.

3. Adverbial Clause, which takes the place of an adverb and becomes the extension of Predicate.

Examples.

1. Noun Clause.

(a) “‘Saccan kira tvan, Nanda, sambahulanan bhik- khiinay evam drocesi?’” (= Is it true, Nanda, that you thus informed many monks 4).

Here the predicate is : saccam (hott). The subject is: “twam sambahulinam bhikkiinam evam drocesi”. It is a n o u n clause because it stands in the place of the

subject.

(6) “Sattha tato pi Jivakambavanan gantukimo:

‘ Tattha mamnetha’ ti aha”.

If we put the question ‘‘ What did He say ?” the

answer is: ‘Tattha mam netha’ (= carry me there). The whole clause stands a s the object to dha.

2. Adjectival Clause.

“ Yam nissita jagatiruham vihangama,

Svayan aggin pamuificati”. Sakwnra-Jdtaka). (= This tree, which the birds frequent, (now) emits fire).

Here the subject is Sudyam = so + ayan.

The whole of the first line, (with its verb honts under- stood), stands as an attributive to the subject.

3. Adverbial Clause.

(a) “ Yadé te vivadissanti, tada ehinti me vasan”.

(= with each other).

(6) ‘‘ Kidiso nirayo isi, yattha Dist apaccatha?”’ (= What-like was the hell where Dist suffered *).

Various adverbial clauses¶

74. Just as there are many groups of adverbs and adverbial phrasesso there are various groups ofadverbial

clauses too :—

(a) Adverbial Clause ofTime:

“* Pura agacchate etam andgatam mahabbhayam

Subbaca hotha sakhilaé afifiamajifian sagdrava” Theg. v. 978.

(Beforethisgreatdangerwillcometopassinfuture; be ye of gentle and docile hearts, and be filled with a

mutual regard).

(6) Of Plac:e

“ Mafifie sovannayo rasi, sonnamala ca, Nandako

Yattha daso Gmajato thito thullani gajjati”’. J.i, 226.

(Isupposethatthereisa heapofgoldandsome golden wreaths in the place standing where Nandaka, the born slave, speaks rough words).

(c) Of Manne:r

Yatha sdradikam bijam khette vuttam virtthati,

Evan rihatu tenasa”. J. ii, 322.

Justas a seedofthe spring-time,sown ina field,would

germinate (quickly), so may your nose (which was mutilated) grow.

(d@) Of Reason :

“ Vato ca so bahutaram bhojanam ajjhupahars,

Tato tatth’eva saysidi, amattaffii hi so ahu ”

J. ii, 293.

Becausehehadtakenmuchfood (oras hewas overfed) he sank at the spot. He was intemperate—in food.

(e) Of Degre:e

“ Ydava so matiam afinass bhojanasmim vihangamo Tava addhanam 4apadi; matarafi ca aposayi”’.

Ibid.

(Whenthat bird knew the measure ofthe food or when it w a s temperate in food it could fly the long distance and support its mother).

Of Consequence (f) :

“ Sace yujjhitukdmo’st, jayan samma dadami te”. J. ii, 11.

.NOTE.

(a) The Locative Absolute o r a phrase o r a clause

includingthesamemustbeclassifiedintheadverbial group of time.

(6) A word in the instrumental case or a phrase or clause in that sense are to be included in the group of manner.

(c) The phrases w ith a n Absolutive, such a s ganivd should be included in the group of time, as they denote something done before the final action takes place.

_

(a) yatha, (tatha) (6) yada, (tada)

(ce) yattha, (tattha) (Z) yena, (tena)

(f) yiiva, (tava)

(g) yavata, (t&vat&) (hk) ce, sace, yadi (+) iva, viya

(j) yada, atha

75. It becomes clear :

by the examples given abov

e

that—

(i) @ noun clause is introduced by st (which is often

understood).

(ii) a n adjectival clause is introduced by the Relative Pronoun ya.

(iii) a n adverbial clause is introduced by :

(e) yato, (tato)

(&) seyyatha pi (evam eva).

Class 46¶

The parts of analysis¶

According to the explanations given above the parte of the analysis are :

1. T h e Subject,

2. The Enlargement of the Subject,

3. T h e Object,

4. The Enlargement of the Object,

5. The Predicate,

6. The Extension of the Predicate, and

7. The Completion of the Predicate (where there is

incomplete predicate).

Analysis of a simple sentence¶

Analysis of a complex sentence¶

Analysis of a compound sentence¶

Analysis of a long complex sentence¶

Class 47¶

Syntax of nouns¶

Syntax deals with the relations of words when

they are

arranged so as to form sentences. Most of

these relations come under the heading of Concord'.

The Syntax of Nouns may be grouped under the

different cases.

Nominative¶

The Nominative is used

(1)

When a noun stands as the subject of a sentence.

(2)

When a noun is in apposition with another noun

in the Nominative.

(3)

When a noun

stands alone and expresses only

the meaning of its stem.

l.

The subject is of three kinds:-

(a) Simple : (b) Causative, and (c) Reflexive.

(a) Simple

Däso rukkhan chindati.

(6)

Causative : Setthi däsan rukkhan chindäpeti.

(c)

Reflexive

Rukkho patati. Ghato bhijjati.

Most of the causative verbs take two objects, of which

one is direct and the other indirect. Here rukkham is

the direct one ; däsam is indirect. (Note that the sub-

ject daso in (a) has become an object in (b)).

In (c) as the tree falls of itself, without any attempt

of another to fell it, the tree is called the Refexive

Subject. The action reflects on the subject itself. So

is Ghato bhijjati.

Nouns in Apposition :

(a) Rajã Mágadho Seniyo Bimbisaro.

(5)

Sakko Devänam-Indo.

(c) Visakha Migaramätã.

3. Nouns expressing only the meanings of

their stems :-

Puriso, Rukkho, Pabbato.

Accusative¶

The Accusative is generally used to denote

an object (in & sentence).

The object is of three kinds :-

(a) Nibbatti-kamma, Generative Object,

(6)

Vikati-kamma, Transformative Object

and

(c) Pattikamma, Attainable Object.

(a)

Generative Object

(1) Mata puttam vijäyati.

(2) Ahãro sukham janeti.

(3) Vaddhaki ratham karoti.

(b) Transformative Object

Kattham añgäram karoti.

(c) Attainable Object

(1) Puriso geham pavisati.

(2) Cakkhumã rüpäni passati.

(3) Upäsako Buddham namassati.

1. Extension in

time and space is denoted by

the Accusative :-

(a)

" Atha kho Bhagavã bodhirukkhamûle sattäham

ekapallankena nisidi".

V.M.1.

220--F

66 Sace ayyä imam temäsam idha vaseyyun".

DhA. i, 8.

(c) " Visamyojanasatam maggar gantvã ... pipdãya

pavisi". Dh.A. i, 8.

2.

The ordinals denoting for which time, are

put in this case :-

So dutiyam pi tatiyam pi tath'eva yãci.

3.

Most of the adverbs are in this case :---

Tumhe imasmin mate yeva

sukhom jivissatha,

jivante tu dukkham jivatha

DhA. 1, 216.

4.

All

verbs implying motion govern the

Accusative :-

(a)

Puriso gämam gaochati.

(b) Raja Bhagavantam upasankami.

5. The prefixes

anu, abhi, adhi, pati and upa govern

the Accusative :-

Anu

6 € Caturasiti-pänasahassäni

Vipassin

Bodhisattan • . . pabbajitam anupabbajinsu

D. ¡, 30.

Abhi

"Tap kho pana bhavantan Gotaman evan

kalyäno kittisaddo abbhuggato".

D. 1, 87.

Pati

" So aham pi gamissâmi nagaram Mithilan

pati".

Thig. v. 319.

Adhi:

Adhi

brahmänan

mayan,

bhante,

Bhagvantag apucchimhä".

M. ii, 132.

Upa:

Ekan yeva catudonikan pitakan upanisidit-

vã däsa-kammakara-porisassa chammäsikar bhattan

deti".

V.M. 240. She having sat near & basket,

which holds only four measures, distributes corn,

enough for six months, to the slaves and workers (from

that basket).

6. The indeclinables dhi, antara and samantà govern

the Acousative:

Dhi:

" Dhi brähmapassa hantaram".

Dhp. 389.

Antard: " Antarä ca Nalandan antarã ca Räjagaham

addhänamagga-patipanno hoti".

D. i, 1.

Samantä

Etha

tumhe,

bhikkhave,

samantä

Vesalim yathämittan

vassan upetha".

D. ii, 98.

Instrumental¶

The agent by whom an action is performed

is put in the Instrumental :-

Vaddhakinã geho kariyati.

It should be noted here that in Pali vaddhakina is

called anutta-kattä(= subject which is not expressed

by the verb), and geho

utta-kammar'

(= object

expressed by the verb). Such is the case in all Passive

Sentences. This definition however is unknown in

English.

2.

The Instrument with which an action is

performed is put in this case •--

So pharasuna rukkhan chindati.

3.

The Instrument shows cause or reason -

(a) Rukkho vatena kampati.

(b)

" Kammuna vasalo hoti".

4.

The conveyance in or on which one goes :-

Sä yävatika yanassa bhümi, yânena gantvä yänã-

paccorohitvä

DhA. i, 385.

5.

The price at which thing is bought :-

Satasahassena me kitan

Apa.

6.

The way by which one goes :-

Iminã maggena yahi.

7.

The words expressing birth, lineage, origin, or

nature

govern the Instrumental :-

(a)

Vipassi, bhikkhave, Bhagavã

khattiyo

jatiya ahosi ... Kondañño gottena ahosi

D. ii, 6-7

(6)

Akkhinä käno, blind of one eye.

8.

It expresses the time ' in ' or ' at ':-

(a)

Dithi mäsehi nitthäsi.

(b)

" Tena

samayena

viharati": M.V.1.

Buddho Bhagavã Uruveläyan

9.

It

expresses

the

companionship

or

possession :-

(a) " Tena kho

pana samayena Nigrodho paribbäjako

mahatiya paribbäjaka-parisaya saddhin nisinno hoti".

D. iii, 36.

(6)

66

Imehi kho ayan, deva, kumãro dvattinsa-

mahä-purisa-lakkhanehi samannägato".

D. i, 19.

This babe, my lord, is endowed with the thirty-two

marks of the Great Man.

10.

In the expression

€ 6

What is the use of ? " the

thing is expressed by the Inst. and the

Dative :

person by the

(a) " Ko attho jivitena me ? " Theg. v. 407.

(b) Kin te jatähi dummedha i

Dhp. v. 394.

11.

The indeclinables saha, saddhim, saman, vini

and sometimes alam govern the Inst. •-

Saha :

Saha bhan dakena coral cüläya ganhenti

viya

mar

vippakäran

papeyya

DhA. i,

294.

She would take me

into account as one would take

hold of 8 thief by his knot of hair.

Saddhim

" Pañcasatä

bhikkhü

tena

saddhin

maggan patipajjiyeu",

DhA. ii, 21.

Saman

6 6

Yan karomase Brahmuno samay devehi,

mãrisa, tad ajja tuyhan kassama".

D. i, 288.

What honour

we, together with the gods, were used

to pay to

the Brahma, that honour now we shall pay to

you.

133

Vina

6 6 Na

mayar

vinã

bhikkhusarghena

vattama".

DhA. i, 405.

We are not used to live

without (associating) the monkhood.

Alan

Pakkamat' ayasmã imamhã âvasã; alan

te idha visena".

(Pätimokkha).

Let

the venerable

one leave this monastery: enough of your living here.

12.

Some adverbs also are in the Inst. -

(a)

" Idäni pana me cittay nibbutan bhavissati;

sukhena

ca

sayitur

labhissämi

DhA. i, 223.

Now

my

mind will be calmed and I will be able to

sleep comfortably.

(b) Sammäsambuddhassa santike mayhar pabbajjã,

sã ca pana me

dukkhena laddhä'

(Nigrodhamiga).

J. i, 145-153.

13.

In comparison the thing compared is in

the Inst. :-

" Etena hi agginã sadiso aggi nama natthi".

DhA. i, 403.

14.

The thing with which something is mixed

is put in the Inst. &

6 6

Kalira-panasädshi missetvä

marsar

pacapti".

(Samp.). They cook flesh having mixed with edible

top sprouts and jack-fruit, eto.

15.

The state, in which something is done, is

expressed by the Inst. :-

€ €

Tvan devasikar sedehi

muccamãnehi

pindäya

carasi

(Mahilamukha J.). Daily you wonder, with

sweat dripping, for alms.

16.

The expression " less by 19

takes

the

Inst. -

66

Ima duihi inap purisa-sahassay vinäsan pattan".

(Vedabbha) J: 1, 253-256.

Class 48¶

Dative¶

84.

The person to whom something is given,

the person or object for whom or which some-

thing 18 done, is put in the Dative.

Consequently it is sometimes used as indirect objeot

with transitive verbs having an accusative 88 direct

object.

1. When something is given to someone:-

Mama ayye upasankamitvä tesam dänan debi".

DhA. i, 434.

2.

When something is done for someone :-

Jatassa kho Vipassissa kumärassa setacchattan

dharayittha".

D. i, 19.

When liking or disliking for someone or

something is expressed :-

(a) " Devã pi tesam pihayanti

Sambuddhinam satimatan "' .

Dhp.

181.

Even the devas hold dear those who aro

mindful and enlightened.

(b) 66 Gee itthinam pi putta-dhitänam pi AmACCa-

brahmana-gahopotädinampi appiyo amanãpo

ahosi '

J. i, 240.

4.

When

someone

is

informed

of

some•

thing &

66 Te

attand laddhagupan Tathägatassa

áro

cesar".

5.

When the sense of purpose is expressed :

Titthatu Sugato kappa bahujanahitäya, bahujan-

asukhäya, lok&nukampäya, atthäya hitäya sukhäya

devamanussänan"

D. M, 104.

6.

Suitability or fitness is denoted by the

Dative :-

Na-y-idap Devadattassa anucchavikay, Sari puttat

therassa anucchavikay

DhA. i, 79.

7. In such expressions as:

66 What is the use

of ", etc., the person is expressed by the Dative :-

Kim me gharãväsena?"

8.

When something is refused, the person is

put in the Dative 8-

66

Mayhan evar@päya jatäya kiccap natthi".

9.

The indeolinables namo, sotthi, svagatan, labha

and the words expressing their meanings govern the

Dative :-

(a) " Namo te purisajañña, namo te purisuttama".

Theg. v. 629.

(b)

Sotthi bhadante hotu rañtio, sotthi janapa-

dassa".

D. 1, 96.

(c)

66

Tassã te svägatan bhadde;

Atho te adurägatan

Thig. v. 337.

(d)

Läbhã vata me,

yassa me satthä arahar »

S. i, 119.

10.

The following roots govern the Dative:-

(a) Su (to hear) preceded by pati or pati + 8.

(b)

Thi (to stand) preceded by upa.

BETT

DubhA (to be hostile to).

Kha (to be olear) preceded by pa Or not.

(a)

KudhA (to be angry).

Bhadante ti

te bhikkhü Bhagavato paccas-

sosur

D. i, 290.

(b)

Appamattã ayyassa upatthänap karobi".

(c)

" Y aso-kittin

0& pappoti,

yo

mittãnar

ne

dübhati

Mittanisansa Sutta.

(d).

• Disã pi me na pakkhäyanti".

D. ii, 99.

(e).

6 6

Mã me kujjha, Mahävira".

Thig. v. 293.

11.

When something is sent to someone the

receiver is put in the Dative :-

" Pitarã me tumhäkam pappan pesitar". DhA. i, 182.

12.

When something is told or preached to

someone the person who listens is put in the

Dative :-

(a)

Mayham akathetvä kassa kathesi tâta?"

(6)

66

Bodhisatto brahmanassa dhammay desesi 93

The translation given in the Ps.S.is :

Welcome to thee, thou gracious maiden | thence

For thee 'twas but a little way to come ",

The translator has taken the last word as adüragatan. This is

a mistake

duragatar is the opposite of suagatar ( - welcome),

so aduagatan, means • not unwelcome' or ' not a-bad coming

Ablative¶

The indeolinable alam sometimes govern thes

Dative :

Dessã ca me, alam me @puccha 'han gamissâmi",

Thio. v. 416. She is detestable to me; enough of her

I will ask for leave to

go away.

14.

When a thought has occurred to someone

the person is put in the Dative •-

66 Atha

ahosi".

V.. 269.

kho Sälavatiyà ganikäya etad

15. The words prefixed with pãtu

and

âvi'

govern the Dative :

60

Ranño Mahãsudassanassa

päturahosi". D. ii, 172.

dibbar cakkaratanag

ABLATIVE

85.

The primary meaning of the Ablative

is

separation or that which 18 expressed by

from ", but

it expresses many other relations too.

1.

Separation •-

(a)

Puriso geha nikkhamati.

(b). Rukkhamha pha-

lap patati. (c) So assa pitthito otari.

2.

The measure of length, breadth, or distance

is denoted by the Ablative -

(a)

So kira Savatthito avidire khettar kasati".

Dh. A. ü, 37.

(b)

Rijagahato

pañca-cattaisa-yojana-matthake

Sävatthi

(c) " Gambhirato gävutay, puthulato de gävutã,

deva".

DhA. i, 120.

3.

When some direction is expressed :

" Dakkhinato nagarassa Bhagavato sariran jhäpes-

sama".

D. ¡, 160.

When some cause or reason is expressed •

(a).

66 Kamato jayati soko, kämato jäyati bhayan".

Dhp. 215.

(b).

6 6 Kasmä

nu

tumban daharä na miyare ?"

J. iv. 52.

5.

When release from something is

express-

ed -

Mutto'han sabbapäschi, ye

dibbä

ye ca

manusã".

S. i, 106.

I am freed from all snares, terrestrial or divine.

6.

The verbs having the meaning " to avoid, to

abstain, to fear, or to abhor

govern

the Ablative :-

(a)

6€

Pânätipata viramämi khippay".

DhA. 1, 32.

(b)

" 1

Papa cittan nivdraye"

Dhp. 0. 116.

(c)

Bhäyàmi paccägamanäya tassa". J. Mi, 242.

(d)

Pâpakehi akusalehi dhammehi attiyati harayati

jiguochati",

7. The indeclinables araka, aññatra, yava, uddhan,

adho govern the Ablative:-

Araki

Arakä hoti saddhammã,

Nabhaso pathavi yatha".

Theg. D. 1078.

He is far from the good norm as firmament is far

from the earth.

Aññatro

So

aññatrauccãra-passavakamma

aññatra nidda-kilamatha-pativinodana

vassasatan

gantvã ... kalankato' (S. i, 62). And I, leaving aside

the time for needs of nature and 'sleeping for the rest,

travelled for hundred years and died (without reaching

my destination).

See Chapter VI for the examples with remaining

indeclinables.

8.

Tha (to stand) preceded by u

governs

the

Ablative :-

(a)

66

(6)

Vutthahi ca Bhaga va tamã àbadha". M.81.

66

Säyaphasamayan

patisalläni

vutthito".

S.V.19.

9.

The comparative

tara 1 and those words

which express its meaning govern the Ablative :--

(a)

" Te pan'ete asappurisä tiracchanagatehi pi

gunahinã".

Rasavahini.

(b)

" Malã ve päpakä dhammã, asmin loke parambi

08 :

Tato mali malataran, avijjä paraman malag".

(Dhp. 242-3). Taints, indeed, are all evil things both

in this world and in the next.

A worse taint than these

is ignorance, the greatest taint.

10.

The

expressions • since ",

\$ 6

beginning

from ", or 6 6 from that time 19

are denoted by

the Ablative -

" Arunuggamanato patthäya yäva majjhantikasa-

mayã".

11.

The adverbs pubbe, pure, puretaram, param,

oran, etc. govern the Ablative :-

(a)

66

Na me dittho ito pubbe

DhA. iii, 226.

(b)

Therehi puretaram eva ekapassena gantvä".

DhA. i, 111.

(c)

d G

Tato para paccantimã janapada".

J. nidina.

(d)

Oran me chahi mäsehi kälakiriyä bhavissati".

Nandaka-petaratthu.

12. The idea " in terms of " is expressed by

the Ablative

" Yo sukhar dukkhato

ddakkhi"

Dukkham addakkhi sallato".

S. iv. 207.

Who sees that pleasure is an ill and pain a piercing

barb".

Class 49¶

Genitive¶

The Genitive expresses possession ; it has

the limiting force of an adjective :

(a) Purisassa hattho.

(b) Setthino putto.

1.

It also expresses

the connection or relation

of something or

someone with some action :-

(a) Hatthassa sammifjanan.

(6) Khan dhanap pãtubhavo.

(e) Assassa dhavanay.

2. The thing with which something is composed,

or of which something is consisting, is put in the

Genitive -

(a) Suvanpassa räsi. (b) Tilänan mutthi.

(c) Yodhänan samûho.

(d) Sippikänar satag.

3.

The

state

of things expressed by

the

Genitive :-

(a) Rüpassa lahutä, (lightness of matter).

(b) Tear anotaranabhävan disva, (having seen

that they would not get into the water).

4.

The group or heap, from which one person

or a thing is distinguished or selected, is put in

the Genitive &

(a)

66

Affataro kho pan 'ayasmã Subhaddo arahatar

ahosi".

D. ii, 153. So the venerable Subhadda

became yet another among the arahants.

(b)

" So tesam sabbapaochato gacchantan sattiya

paharitvã märetvã".

DhA. i, 80.

5. The words of skill, proficiency", etc.,

and

their opposites govern the Genitive -

(a)

Kusalo

kho

aha ditthadhammikänag

atthänan ". D. i, 241. I am an expert regarding what

is profitable for this life.

The words denoting

time, locality, direc-

tion and distance "' are put in the Genitive :-

(a)

Ito tinnan mäsanam accayena Tathägato

parinibbäyissati". D. ¡, 106.

(b)

Ingha me tvar,

Ananda, antarena yamakasa-

lanam uttarasisakay matican paññapehi". D. ii, 137.

Spread over for me, Ananda, the couch with its head

to the north, between the twin säla-trees.

(c)

" Uttarena

uttaran

nagarassa

haritvä".

D. ü, 161. Having carried (the body) by the north

to the north of the city.

(d) Catunnan yojananarr matthake.

7.

When a portion of a whole is mentioned the

whole is put in the Genitive

(a) Kappassa

tatiyo bhägo.

(6)

Gehassa majjhe.

(c) Rattiyã pathame yâme.

8.

When a word in Genitive, with a participle

in agreement, denotes some attendant circum-

stance it is called "Genitive Absolute

&

Sakunikassa gumbato jälan

mocentass'eva vikalo

jato ". (Sammodamäna J.. It became dark while

the fowler was disentangling his net from the bush.

Locative¶

The Locative shows the place in or on which

& thing or person is, or an action is performed. In

English it is expressed by the prepositions in, on, upon,

at and the adverbs when and while.

The Pali Grammarians divide the Locative into

four groups, viz.

(1) O pasilesikädhära, which stands touched with

the connected object :

(a) Maïce sayati, (sleeps on a bed).

(b)

Catiyari odanan pacati, (she cooks rice in a pot)..

(2) Sämipikadhara, which expresses the neighbour-

hood, (but not the exact spot) :

' Sävatthigam viharati Jetavane".

Here the monas-

tery was not within the city, but near by.

(3)

Vesayiködhära, which expresses the locality or

thing in whioh something is taking place:

(a) Game manussã vasanti.

(b) Sakupã äkäse caranti.

(4) Vyäpikadhära is where the location and the

located are mixed together

(a) Tiles telay. (6) Khire jalay.

The oil in sesamum is spread throughout the seed

likewise water in the milk is mixed with it.

1, The Locative denotes the time when an

action takes place :-

(a)

A parabhäge Mahaka|o upasampadar labhitva".

DhA. i, 68.

(5)

Ath'ekä kuladhitä

säyaphasamaye amiläta

akilantä kälam akäsi

Ibid. i, 70.

2. When an individual or a thing is selected

from a whole class or

the Locative -s

group, the latter is put in

(a)

Tesu chase khattiyesu ... Anuruddho pivena

parájito püvatthäya pabipi". DhA. 1, 133.

(b) Tävatakesu puttanatta-sahassesu eko pi antarã

maranar patto nãma nahosi". DhA. i, 109.

3. The Locative shows the cause or motive of

an action -

(a) " Sampajänamusivide pãoittiyar". Päcittiya

offence is incured on account of intentional lying.

(b)

Ajinamhi haññate dipi". J. vi, 61. The

panther is killed on account of its hide.

4.

The words denoting overlordship or owner-

ship govern

the Locative :-

6 €

Andhabalo'si, mahäraja,

dvisu rotthesu rajjan

käresi, paññã pana te manda".

DhA. ii, 8.

5.

The Locative is used absolutely with

A

participle in the same case as

itself:-

Atite

Bäräpasiyan Brahmadatte rajjag

kärente

Bodhisatto

tassa

vinicchayämacco

ahosi".

(Katavarija J.).

6. When someone is careful in doing some-

thing, the action is put in the Locative ;-

\$ Abhikkante patikkante sampajänakäri hoti, älokite

vilokite sampajänakäri hoti".

D. i, 292.

7.

The words signifying reverence, respect, love,

delighting in, saluting, seizing, kissing, fond of, and

striking govern the Locative.

(See below for Examples).

8.

It denotes the circumstances in spite of or

under which an action is done :-

" So .

täya päde sammiñjite nikkhamitvä vegena

vihäran gantvä . . • pabbaji'

DhA. iii, 273.

Class 50¶

Some cases expressing the sense of some other cases¶

88. The Accusative sometimes expresses the sense

of the Instrumental and the Locative.

(a)

Used instead of the Instrumental:

6 6

Sace man samano Gotamo n'alapissati, aham pi

tam n'alapissâmi". S. i, 177. If the recluse Gotama

will not speak to me I also will not speak with him.

(b)

Instead of the Locative :

Ekan samayan Bhagavä Räjagahe viharati.

89.

The Instrumental is sometimes used instead

of the Accusative, Ablative and the Locative.

(a) Instead of the Accusative:

" Sace bhavan Repu rajjan labhetha, sapvibhajetha

no

rajjena".

D. Mi, 233.

If Lord

Repu

should

succeed to the throne he should share the kingdom with

u8.

Such constructions are very rare.

(b)

Instead of the Ablative :

Sumuttã maya tena Mahäsamane na".

D. i, 162.

We are well rid of the great

recluse.

(c)

Instead of the Locative :

" Tena

samayena

Buddho Bhagavä Uruveläyan

viharati najjã Nerafjaräya tire

V. M. l.

90. The Genitive is sometimes used instead of the

Accusative, Instrumental, Ablative and Locative.

(a)

Instead of the Accusative :

(1)

Natthi candimasuriyänan dassävi ". D. i, 328.

There is no

person

who sees the sun and the moon.

Bahunnar vata no Bhagavä dukkhadhammänan

apahatta". M. 1, 447. Remover of many troubles.

This construction is extensively used with the Primary

Derivatives such as labhi, data, katta, akkhata, karako,

palako, eto.

Rarely it is seen in some constructions without A

Primary Derivative:-

Na tvan,

tâta

Ratthapala, kassaci dukkhassa

jânäsi". M. i, 57. Dear Ratthapala, you do not

understand any hardships of the life.

(b)

Instead of the Instrumental :

\$ 6

Pirati balo pãpassa thoka-thokam pi äcinan".

Dhp. 121. The fool, gathering little by little, Alls

himself with evil.

(c)

Instead of the Ablative :

" Sabbe tasanti dandassa

sabbe bhayanti maccuno".

Dhp. 129. All tremble at punishment to all life is dear.

(d) Instead of the Locative :

6 6

Team passantinan yeva uttarisäkhato ekan phalap

paccitvä säkhato mucci

Samp. i, 100. While they

were looking at, a fruit on the northern bough became

ripe and fell down.

91.

The Locative is sometimes. used instead of the

Accusative and Dative.

(a) Instead of the Accusative :

Narado rattin nikkhamanto tassa jatäsu akkami 33

DhA. 1, 40. Narada, going out in the night, trod

down his matted hair.

(6) Instead of the Dative :

Sanghe, Gotami, dehi; sanghe te dinne ahañ c'eva

pujito bhavissami".

M. üi, 253.

Gotami, offer it to

the community; I also will be honoured when it i8

offered to the Sangha.

92.

The Dative is rarely used instead of the

Accusative :

6€ Appo saggaya gacchati

Dhp.

v.

174.

persons go to heaven.

? How to shorten a sentence¶

It is always advisable in constructing a sentence

to use as few words as possible to express the idea

desired by it. (This however may not be possible for

the beginners whose stock of words is limited).

The compound sentence :--

(a)

Ekadà Bhagavà Sävatthiyam vihari, tadã devatã

ägantà dhamman sunimou, may be shortened and

changed to a simple sentence A8 follows -

6 G

Bhagavati Sävatthiyam viharante devati' gantod

dhamman suninou".

(b) " Yattha manussa vasanti, tattha sopã ca gonã

ca vasanti

may be shortened to :-

66

Manussinam vasanatthäne sona gona ca vasanti ».

(c)

6 6

Yo tena saddhip idh'agami; so ambehi saddhin

väpiy gamissati

may be shortened to :-

6 6 Tena saddhim idhagato amhehi vâpin gamissati",

(d) " Yad& kukkut& ravissanti, tada so ägamissati "

may be shortened as:

6

Kukkutänan ravanakäle 80 ägamissati".

(e)

66

Te yathä kathenti, tathã na karonti",

changed as :

may be

" Te yathäkathitam na karonti".

(f)

Yadã vassati, tada devo nadiyo vãpiyo ca

püreti '

may be shortened to :

6 C Dev vassanto nadi-vâpiyo pireti".

Yada tap nahäyissasi tad& ahar api nahäyis-

sämi" may be changed to :

Trayi nahäyante (or tava nahänakäle) aham pi

nahäyissami",

The following passages are taken from the Commentary

on Digha -

(a)

" Nanu idan'eva divasakaro atthangato?

So

kathar imag puppacandar anubandhamano uggacohis-

sati ? "

When shortened : Idan'eva atthangato divasakaro

kathar puppacandan anubandhamano uggacchissati?

(6) "Yassa yassa hi raffa saddhin gantukämatä

uppajjati so 80 Akäsagato Va hoti".

When shortened .

Rafa saddhin gantukämä sabbe

äkäsagatä honti.

(c)

Yasmin padese cakkaratanan patitthäsi, tattha

rãjä väsar upagacchi saddhin parisäya".

When shortened

Cakkaratanassa patitthitatthäne

sapariso rîjã väsam upagacchi.

(d)

" Natthi so satto näma yo paccatthika-saññäya

tan räjänar ärabbha ävudhan ukkhipitur visaheyya".

Shortened : Tasmin

räjini

paccatthika-saññaya

ävudhay ukkhipitun samattho koci satto nama natthi.

(e)

Bhagavä pi setacchattan paháya hatthagatan

rajjap nissajjítvä pabbajito, te pi setacchattäni

pahäya hatthagatäni rajjäni nissajjitvã pabbajitä"

Shortened :

Bhagavä pi te pi setacchattäni pahäya

hatthagata-rajjani nissajjitvä pabbajita.

(f)

" Tumhe Kapilavatthu-väsike gahetvä gajjatha,

ye sopa-sigälädayo viya

attano

bhaginihi saddhin

sarvasinsu"

Sopa-sigaladayo via sakabhaginihi saha

vutthe Kapilavatthu-väsike gahetvä tumbe gajjatha.

(g)

€ 6

Rajänan passitur ägacchants affassa rajjan

apiletv& attano attano rajjap@desen'eva Agamissanti

deva gamiseanti câti".

Shortened

Rajadassanap

ägacchantä pararajjap

apiletvä saka-saka-rajjappadeseb'evagamanägamanan

karissanti ti.

S& pattan gabetvi äkäse khipi, patto äkäse

atthäsi".

Shortened :

Täya gahetvä \&käsar khitto patto

tattha atthäsi.

(i)

66

Bhagavä maha-bhikkhusangha-parivuto Räja-

gahar agamäsi, tattha gatakale Mahä-Moggallanatthero

parinibbäyi".

Shortened : Mahäbhikkhusangha-parivute Bhagavati

Räjagahan gate Mahä-Moggallänatthero parinibbäyi

?Definition of the indeclinables¶

The indeclinables are those words which are incapable

of any grammatical declension.

In Pali these are called

avyayas

they are mainly of two kinds : (1) upasaggas

and (2) nipatas.

(1) U pasaggas are the prefixes, an explanation of

which is given in § 79, 80, 81, N.P.O. i.

(2) Nipalas consist of adverbs, prepositions, con-

junctions, interjections, the infinitives ending in tur

and tave, and all absolutives such as kava, kätina,

àgamma.

94. The nipätas also are of two kinds:

1.

Derivative, 2. Pure or Simple.

l.

The Derivative Indeclinables are formed by

adding some suffixes to the stems of some nouns,

pronouns or adjectives :

(a) Derived from nouns *-

Atthaso, hetuso, gehato, mukhato.

(b) Derived from pronouns :-

Yada, tada, yena, kattha, kadä, kuto.

(c) Derived from adjectives

Labuso, dighato, puthulate, sabbada.

(d)

From numericals •-

Dvidh&, tidha, catukkhattup, pañca-pañcaso.

Note.-Sufix to in the ablative sense is sometimes

affixed to some prefixes in order to form some indeclin-

ables •-

Abhito, parito (= all around)

2.

The Pure Indeclinables are : kira, khalu, kho, tu,

hi, mã, nanu, eto., etc., including the conjunctions : ca,

vä, atha, atha vã, uda, uddhu, tathä pi; the interjections :

aho, hä, ahaha, dhi, eto., and the conditionals : ce, sace,

vadi.

For further description of the Derivative Indeclin-

ables 880 III Avyaya-Taddhita, N.P.C. II.

95.

Although the indeclinables do not undergo any

declension some of them express the sense of particular

cases.

For instance :

(a) Sakkä, labbhä, sayam, saman and namo are used

in the Nominative sense.

(b) Abhinham, punappunam, muhum, sabin, ciran,

oram, etc. are in the sense of the Accusative.

(c) Sayam, samams, miccha, vahasa, etc. have the

sense of the Instrumental.

(d) Uddham, adho, tirigam, hetthä, upari, eto. have

the sense of the Locative.

(e)

Arã, ärakä, gävo, täva, etc. have the sense of the

Ablative.

(f) Bho, are, he, bhane, je, avuso, etc., have the sense

of the Vocative.

Meanings of these indeclinables will be clear in the

following list of examples given in the alphabetical order.

1.

A and an are in the negative sense.

A is seen

n

akusala, amanussa, abhäva, etc., and an in anavajja,